Miscellaneous

Buffered channels

To use the bindings from this module:

(import :std/misc/channel)

make-channel

(make-channel [n = #f]) -> channel

  n := optional fixnum, number of values channel buffer can hold

Creates a new buffered channel, a synchronization construct useful for sending and receiving data between producers and consumers, implicitly locking when reading from or writing to the channel. Chaining multiple channels, one after another, allows building computation pipelines with ease. n specifies how many elements the channel buffer is allowed to hold before blocking, with #f never blocking at all.

Examples:

> (import :std/iter :gerbil/gambit/threads)
> (def (consume ch)
    (let (val (channel-get ch))
      (unless (eof-object? val)
        (with ([src . num] val)
          (displayln "received " num " from " src)
          (consume ch)))))
> (def (produce ch count)
    (for (i (in-range count))
      (channel-put ch (cons (current-thread)
                            (+ 10 (random-integer 90))))))
> (let* ((ch (make-channel 2))
         (consumer (spawn consume ch))
         (producers (for/collect (i (in-range 3))
                      (spawn produce ch 3))))
    (for-each thread-join! producers)
    (channel-close ch)
    (thread-join! consumer))
received 36 from #<thread #4>
received 73 from #<thread #4>
received 69 from #<thread #4>
received 73 from #<thread #5>
received 52 from #<thread #5>
received 59 from #<thread #5>
received 69 from #<thread #6>
received 53 from #<thread #6>
received 81 from #<thread #6>

channel?

(channel? ch) -> boolean

  ch := channel to check

Returns #t if ch is a channel, #f otherwise.

Examples:

> (channel? (make-channel))
#t

> (make-channel 3)
#<channel #26>
> (channel-close #26)
> (channel? #26)
#t

channel-put

(channel-put ch val [timeout = #f]) -> boolean | error

  ch      := channel to write to
  val     := value to write into ch
  timeout := optional, how long to wait when channel is full

Writes val to ch and returns a truth value indicating whether the send was successful or not. channel-put blocks when the channel's buffer is full, waiting indefinitely for an available slot or until the optional timeout, declared in seconds or as a relative time object, is reached. Sending data to an already closed channel will signal an error.

Examples:

> (def ch (make-channel 3))
> (channel-put ch 'a)
#t
> (channel-put ch 'b)
#t
> (channel-put ch 'c)
#t
> (channel-put ch 'd 2)    ; buffer full, gives up after 2 seconds
#f
> (import :gerbil/gambit/threads)
> (spawn-thread (lambda () (thread-sleep! 2) (channel-get ch)))
#<thread #29>
> (channel-put ch 'e)      ; blocks until other thread retrieves value
#t
> (channel-put ch 'e)      ; blocks indefinitely, no other threads retrieve values
*** ERROR IN ##thread-deadlock-action! -- Deadlock detected

channel-try-put

(channel-try-put ch val) -> boolean | error

  ch  := channel to write to
  val := value to write into ch

Similar to channel-put, but doesn't block when the channel's buffer is full, simply indicating success or failure via a truth value. Sending data to an already closed channel will signal an error.

Examples:

> (def ch (make-channel 3))
> (channel-try-put ch 'a)
#t
> (channel-try-put ch 'b)
#t
> (channel-try-put ch 'c)
#t
> (channel-try-put ch 'd)    ; buffer full, doesn't block, gives up right away
#f

> (close-channel ch)
> (channel-try-put ch 'e)    ; channel already closed, no longer valid to right to it
error

channel-sync

(channel-sync ch val ...) -> void | error

  ch      := channel to write to
  val ... := values to send to ch

Forcefully writes val ... to ch, ignoring the channel's buffer limit. Useful for sending special values that indicate a bi-directional out-of-band communication request between consumers and producers without blocking. Sending data to an already closed channel will signal an error.

Examples:

> (import :std/iter :gerbil/gambit/threads)
> (def (consume ch)
    (let loop ((i 0))
      (match (channel-get ch)
        ((eq? #!eof)
         (displayln "we're done here"))
        ((cons (quote more?) (? thread? thread))
         (displayln "received: sync request")
         (thread-send thread (if (< i 10) 'yes 'no))
         (loop i))
        ((? number? num)
         (displayln "received: " num)
         (loop (1+ i))))))
> (def (produce ch)
    (let loop ()
      (if (channel-try-put ch (random-integer 100))
        (loop)
        (begin            ; if buffer full, ask consumer whether to produce more
          (channel-sync ch (cons 'more? (current-thread)))
          (match (thread-receive)
            ('yes (loop))
            ('no  (channel-close ch)))))))
> (let* ((ch (make-channel 4))
         (producer (spawn produce ch))
         (consumer (spawn consume ch)))
    (for-each thread-join! [producer consumer]))
received: 28
received: 67
received: 79
received: 67
received: sync request    ; out-of-band answer via thread-send: 'yes
received: 21
received: 43
received: 71
received: 54
received: sync request    ; answer: 'yes
received: 29
received: 19              ; consumer processed 10 items, target reached
received: 61
received: 88
received: sync request    ; answer: no; producer closes channel, consumer shuts down
we're done here

channel-get

(channel-get ch [timeout = #f] [default = #f]) -> any | default | #!eof

  ch      := channel to read from
  timeout := optional, how long to wait when channel is empty
  default := optional, value to return when timeout reached

Reads a value from ch and returns it, or default if a timeout was set and reached, declared in seconds or as a relative time object. channel-get blocks when the channel's buffer is empty, waiting indefinitely for more data or until the optional timeout is reached. Reading data from an already closed channel is allowed, but will always return #!eof.

Examples:

> (def ch (make-channel 3))
> (for-each (cut channel-try-put ch <>) (iota 10))
> (channel-get ch)
0
> (channel-get ch 2)           ; returns right away
1
> (channel-get ch 2 'EMPTY)
2
> (channel-get ch 2)           ; channel can only hold three values, waits two seconds
#f
> (channel-get ch 2 'EMPTY)
EMPTY
> (channel-close ch)
> (channel-get ch)
#!eof
> (channel-get ch 2 'EMPTY)    ; closed channel always returns #!eof
#!eof

channel-try-get

(channel-try-get ch [default = #f]) -> any | default | #!eof

  ch      := channel to read from
  default := optional, value to return when channel empty

Similar to channel-get, but doesn't block when the channel's buffer is empty, simply returning default in that case. Reading data from an already closed channel is allowed, but will always return #!eof.

Examples:

> (def ch (make-channel 3))
> (for-each (cut channel-try-put ch <>) (string->list "abcdef"))
> (channel-try-get ch)
#\a
> (channel-try-get ch)
#\b
> (channel-try-get ch 'EMPTY)
#\c
> (channel-try-get ch 'EMPTY)    ; returns right away, no blocking occurs
EMPTY
> (channel-close ch)
> (channel-try-get ch 'EMPTY)
#!eof

Channel Iterator

(defmethod (:iter (ch channel)) (iter-channel ch)) -> iterator

  ch := channel to iterate over

The module defines a generic dispatch overload for buffered channels, allowing them to be iterated just like lists or hashes. Iterating ch will yield values, and block if necessary, until the channel is closed and its elements fully consumed.

Examples:

> (import :std/iter :gerbil/gambit/threads)
> (def (consume ch)
    (for/fold (sum 0) (x ch)
      (+ x sum)))
> (def (produce ch count)
    (for (i (in-range count))
      (channel-put ch (random-integer 100))))
> (let* ((ch (make-channel))
         (consumer (spawn consume ch))
         (producers (for/collect (i (in-range 10))
                      (spawn produce ch 100))))
    (for-each thread-join! producers)
    (channel-close ch)
    (thread-join! consumer))
49644

channel-close

(channel-close ch) -> void

  ch := channel to close

Closes a buffered channel, forbidding write access. Consumers are still allowed to retrieve values from such a closed channel, but once empty, it will simply return #!eof.

Note: Only senders should close channels. Furthermore, it's not an error to close a channel multiple times.

Examples:

> (def ch (make-channel))
> (channel-put ch 1)
#t
> (channel-close ch)
> (channel-get ch)      ; reading from a closed channel is allowed
1
> (channel-get ch)
#!eof
> (channel-put ch 2)    ; writing to a closed channel signals an error
error

channel-closed?

(channel-closed? ch) -> boolean

  ch := channel to check

Returns #t if ch is closed, #f otherwise.

Examples:

> (def ch (make-channel))
> (channel-closed? ch)
#f
> (channel-close ch)
> (channel-closed? ch)
#t

Channel Destructor

(defmethod {destroy <port>} channel-close)

The module also defines a destroy method for channels, so that they can be used in with-destroy forms and other primitives that use the destroy idiom, ensuring that channels will be closed even if an error is signaled somewhere within the body.

Examples:

> (def ch (make-channel))
> (channel-put ch 10)
#t
> (channel-closed? ch)
#f
> (with-destroy ch
    (channel-get ch))
10
> (channel-closed? ch)
#t

Bytes

To use the bindings from this module:

(import :std/misc/bytes)

u8vector-swap!

(u8vector-swap! v i j) -> void

  v := u8vector
  i := integer element position
  j := integer element position

Swaps elements i and j of u8vector v.

Examples:

> (def u (u8vector 1 2))
> (u8vector-swap! u 0 1)
> u
#u8(2 1)

bytevector-swap!

(define-alias bytevector-swap! u8vector-swap!)

Alias for u8vector-swap!.

u8vector-reverse!

(u8vector-reverse! v) -> void

  v := u8vector

Reverses the elements of u8vector v.

Examples:

> (def u (u8vector 1 2 3 4 5))
> (u8vector-reverse! u)
> u
#u8(5 4 3 2 1)

bytevector-reverse!

(define-alias bytevector-reverse! u8vector-reverse!)

Alias for u8vector-reverse!.

u8vector->bytestring

(u8vector->bytestring v (delim " ")) -> bytestring

  v := u8vector
  delim := string

Constructs a string of bytes in hexadecimal from u8vector v.

Each byte is formatted as two uppercase hex characters using std/format and separated using " " as a delimiter.

Examples:

> (u8vector->bytestring (u8vector 255 127 11 1 0))
"FF 7F 0B 01 00"
> (displayln (u8vector->bytestring (u8vector 255 127 11 1 0)))
FF 7F 0B 01 00
> (u8vector->bytestring (u8vector 1 2 3) "")
"010203"

bytestring->u8vector

(bytestring->u8vector bs) -> u8vector

  bs := bytestring

Constructs a u8vector from bytestring bs.

This function expects a string of bytes delimited by #\space. Each byte consists of two hexadecimal characters.

Note that the behaviour of this function is different from string->bytes, which assumes an encoding.

Examples:

> (bytestring->u8vector "FF AB 00")                
#u8(255 171 0)
> (u8vector->bytestring (bytestring->u8vector "FF AB 00"))
"FF AB 00"
> (string->bytes "FF AB 00")                      
#u8(70 70 32 65 66 32 48 48)

u8vector->uint

(u8vector->uint v (guard #t)) -> uint | void

  v := u8vector
  guard := boolean

Computes the uint representation of u8vector v for vector length up to 8.

If guard is #t raises an exception on vectors of length greater than 8.

If guard is #f, computation on longer vectors is allowed to proceed.

Examples:

> (u8vector->uint #u8(0 1))
1
> (u8vector->uint (make-u8vector 2 #xFF))
65535
> (u8vector->uint (make-u8vector 8 #xFF))
18446744073709551615
> (equal? (- (expt 2 64) 1) (u8vector->uint (make-u8vector 8 #xFF)))
#t
> (u8vector->uint (make-u8vector 10 #xFF))
*** ERROR IN (console)@7.1 -- Disable guard to compute on u8vectors of length > 8. #u8(255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255)
> (u8vector->uint (make-u8vector 10 #xFF) #f)
1208925819614629174706175
> (equal? (- (expt 2 80) 1) (u8vector->uint (make-u8vector 10 #xFF) #f))
#t

bytevector->uint

(define-alias bytevector->uint u8vector->uint)

Alias for u8vector->uint.

Asynchronous Completions

To use the bindings from this module:

(import :std/misc/completion)

make-completion

(make-completion) -> completion

Creates a new asynchronous completion, a synchronization construct which blocks until a thread signals that its task either succeeded or failed via completion-post! or completion-error!, respectively, notifying all waiting threads about the result.

Examples:

> (import :gerbil/gambit/threads :std/iter :std/sugar)
> (def (task i c)
    (displayln i ": waiting")
    (try (displayln i ": " (completion-wait! c))
      (catch (ex) (displayln i ": " ex))
      (finally (displayln i ": exiting"))))
> (let* ((c (make-completion))
         (threads (for/collect (i (in-range 3))
                    (spawn task i c))))
    (spawn-thread
      (lambda ()
        (displayln "error in computation, notifying all")
        (completion-error! c 'did-not-finish)))
    (for-each thread-join! threads))
0: waiting
1: waiting
2: waiting
error in computation, notifying all
0: did-not-finish
0: exiting
1: did-not-finish
1: exiting
2: did-not-finish
2: exiting

completion?

(completion? c) -> boolean

  c := completion to check

Returns #t if c is a completion, #f otherwise.

Examples:

> (completion? (make-completion))
#t

> (import :gerbil/gambit/threads)
> (completion? (make-condition-variable))
#f

completion-ready?

(completion-ready? c) -> boolean

  c := completion to check

Returns #t if the completion is ready, #f otherwise. This operation is non-blocking.

Examples:

> (def c (make-completion))
> (completion-ready? c)
#f
> (completion-post! c 'DONE)
> (completion-ready? c)
#t

completion-wait!

(completion-wait! c) -> any | error

  c := completion to wait on

Waits on c until it has been posted with completion-post! or an error has been signaled with completion-error!. If the completion was posted, the posted value is returned. If an error was signalled, then it is raised as an exception.

Examples:

> (def c (make-completion))
> (spawn completion-wait! c)
#<thread #3>
> (spawn completion-wait! c)
#<thread #4>
> (spawn completion-wait! c)
#<thread #5>
> (completion-post! c 'done)    ; all waiting threads will be notified
> (map thread-dead? [#3 #4 #5])
(#t #t #t)
> (completion-wait! c)          ; already completed, not waiting
done

> (def c (make-completion))
> (spawn completion-error! c 'failure)
#<thread #8>
> (completion-wait! c)
*** ERROR IN (console)@1986.1 -- This object was raised: failure

completion-post!

(completion-post! c val) ->  void | error

  c   := completion to post
  val := result value

Signals to c that the current thread's computation is complete. All other waiting threads will be notified and receive val as the result.

Calling completion-post! on an already completed c will raise an error.

Examples:

> (import :gerbil/gambit/threads :std/iter)
> (def (task i c)
    (displayln i ": waiting")
    (displayln i ": " (completion-wait! c)))
> (let* ((c (make-completion))
         (threads (for/collect (i (in-range 3))
                    (spawn task i c))))
    (thread-sleep! 1)
    (displayln "main: done")
    (completion-post! c 'ok)
    (for-each thread-join! threads))
0: waiting
1: waiting
2: waiting
main: done
0: ok
1: ok
2: ok

;; Completions are expected to be posted once. The following would
;; be a race condition, either succeeding fine or raising an error:
> (let (c (make-completion))
    (spawn completion-post! c 'done)    ; silently fails in case of error
    (completion-post! c 'done)
    (completion-wait! c))
;; either of these:
*** ERROR IN (console)@2019.5 -- Completion has already been posted #<completion #26>
done

completion-error!

(completion-error! c obj) -> void | error

  c   := completion to notify
  obj := exception object to raise

Signals an error to c, with obj being the exception argument that's raised, notifying all waiting threads that a problem occurred.

Calling completion-error! on an already completed c will raise an error.

Examples:

> (import :gerbil/gambit/threads :std/sugar)
> (let (c (make-completion))
    (spawn completion-error! c 'failure)
    (try (completion-wait! c)    ; failure is raised in all waiting threads
      (catch (ex) (display-exception ex (current-error-port)))))
This object was raised: failure

with-completion-error

(with-completion-error c body ...) -> any | error

  c        := completion to notify when error occurs
  body ... := expressions to evaluate

Wraps body ... with an exception handler that notifies c via completion-error! if any type of error is raised within the body expressions. Furthermore, errors will propagate upwards and need to be handled, terminating the thread otherwise.

Examples:

> (import :gerbil/gambit/threads :std/sugar)
> (def (task c)
    (with-completion-error c
      (displayln (/ 7 0))    ; call completion-error! and silently terminate thread
      (completion-post! c)))
> (let (c (make-completion))
    (spawn task c)
    (try
      (completion-wait! c)
      (displayln "All done!")
      (catch (ex) (display-exception ex (current-error-port)))))
Divide by zero
(/ 7 0)

completion

(defsyntax completion)

Completion type for user-defined generics and destructuring.

Examples:

> (import :gerbil/gambit/threads)
> (def c (make-completion))
> (completion-post! c 'done)
> (with ((completion mut cond-var ready? val ex) c)
    (with-lock mut
      (cut displayln "value: " (if ready? val "not ready"))))
value: done

Thread Barriers

To use the bindings from this module:

(import :std/misc/barrier)

make-barrier

(make-barrier n) -> barrier | error

  n := thread wait limit, fixnum

Creates a thread barrier, a synchronization construct that blocks up to n threads before it allows them to proceed. n needs to be a non-negative fixnum, otherwise an error is signaled.

Examples:

> (import :gerbil/gambit/threads :std/iter)
> (def (thread-task b)
    (thread-sleep! (+ 2 (random-integer 3)))
    (displayln (current-thread) " completed its task. Waiting for others.")
    (barrier-post! b)
    (barrier-wait! b)
    (displayln (current-thread) " runs again."))

> (let* ((b (make-barrier 3))
         (threads (for/collect (i (in-range 5))
                    (spawn thread-task b))))
    (for-each thread-join! threads)
    (displayln "All threads are done."))
#<thread #1> completed its task. Waiting for others.
#<thread #2> completed its task. Waiting for others.
#<thread #3> completed its task. Waiting for others.
#<thread #1> runs again.    ; barrier limit reached, notifying waiting threads
#<thread #2> runs again.
#<thread #3> runs again.
#<thread #4> completed its task. Waiting for others.
#<thread #4> runs again.    ; limit already reached, no need to wait
#<thread #5> completed its task. Waiting for others.
#<thread #5> runs again.
All threads are done.

barrier?

(barrier? b) -> boolean

  b := barrier to check

Returns #t if b is a barrier, #f otherwise.

Examples:

> (barrier? (make-barrier 3))
#t

(import :gerbil/gambit/threads)
> (barrier? (make-mutex 'barrier))
#f

barrier-wait!

(barrier-wait! b) -> void | error

  b := barrier to wait on

Waits on b until it has been posted n times (as specified on barrier creation) with barrier-post! or an error has been signaled with barrier-error!. Errors will propagate upwards and need to be handled.

Examples:

> (import :gerbil/gambit/threads :std/iter :std/format)
> (def (log msg)
    (printf "~a@~a: ~a\n" (current-thread) (time->seconds (current-time)) msg))
> (def (task b)
    (log "working")
    (thread-sleep! (random-integer 5))
    (barrier-post! b)
    (log "waiting for other threads")
    (barrier-wait! b)
    (log "done"))
> (let (b (make-barrier 3))
    (for-each thread-join! (for/collect (i (in-range 3)) (spawn task b)))
    (barrier-wait! b)     ; barrier thread limit already reached, not waiting
    (barrier-error! b 'failure)
    (barrier-wait! b))    ; unhandled exception, terminates primordial thread
#<thread #1>@1558088315.312991:  working
#<thread #2>@1558088315.3137062: working
#<thread #3>@1558088315.3143606: working
#<thread #3>@1558088317.3152056: waiting for other threads
#<thread #1>@1558088318.313868:  waiting for other threads
#<thread #3>@1558088319.3144877: done
#<thread #1>@1558088319.314984:  done
#<thread #2>@1558088319.3154783: waiting for other threads
#<thread #2>@1558088319.3161075: done
*** ERROR IN (console)@1593.5 -- This object was raised: failure

barrier-post!

(barrier-post! b) -> void

  b := barrier to signal to

Signals b that the current thread's computation is complete. All other waiting threads will be notified once b's post limit (as specified on barrier creation) is reached.

Examples:

> (import :gerbil/gambit/threads)
> (let* ((b (make-barrier 2))
         (t1 (spawn barrier-post! b))
         (t2 (spawn barrier-post! b)))
    (barrier-wait! b)    ; signaled twice, good to go
    'OK)
OK

barrier-error!

(barrier-error! b obj) -> void

  b   := barrier to signal error on
  obj := exception object to raise

Signals an error to b, with obj being the exception argument that's raised, notifying all waiting threads that a problem occurred.

Examples:

> (import :gerbil/gambit/threads :std/sugar)
> (let* ((b (make-barrier 3))
         (t (spawn barrier-error! b 'failure)))
    (try (barrier-wait! b)    ; failure is raised in all waiting threads
      (catch (ex) (display-exception ex (current-error-port)))))
This object was raised: failure

with-barrier-error

(with-barrier-error b body ...) -> any | error

  b        := barrier to notify when error occurs
  body ... := expressions to evaluate

Wraps body ... with an exception handler that notifies b via barrier-error! if any type of error is raised within the body expressions. Furthermore, errors will propagate upwards and need to be handled, terminating the thread otherwise.

Examples:

> (import :gerbil/gambit/threads :std/sugar)
> (def (task b)
    (with-barrier-error b
      (displayln (/ 7 0))    ; call barrier-error! and silently terminate thread
      (barrier-post! b)))
> (let* ((b (make-barrier 2))
         (t (spawn task b)))
    (try
      (barrier-wait! b)
      (displayln "All done!")
      (catch (ex) (display-exception ex (current-error-port)))))
Divide by zero
(/ 7 0)

barrier

(defsyntax barrier)

Barrier type for user-defined generics and destructuring.

Examples:

> (import :gerbil/gambit/threads)
> (with ((barrier mut cond-var count limit ex) (make-barrier 3))
    (with-lock mut
      (cut displayln "limit: " count "/" limit)))
limit: 0/3

Deques

To use the bindings from this module:

(import :std/misc/deque)

make-deque

(make-deque) -> deque

Creates a new empty deque, a double-ended queue, which allows adding and removing elements on both ends without walking the whole data structure first.

Examples:

> (import :std/test)
> (let (dq (make-deque))
    (check (deque-empty? dq) => #t)
    (push-front! dq 10)
    (push-front! dq 20)
    (push-back!  dq 30)
    (check (deque-length dq) => 3)
    (deque->list dq))
... check (deque-empty? dq) is equal? to #t
... check (deque-length dq) is equal? to 3
(20 10 30)

deque?

(deque? dq) -> boolean

  dq := deque to check

Returns #t if dq is a deque, #f otherwise.

Examples:

> (let (dq (make-deque))
    (push-front! dq (make-deque))
    (and (deque? dq)
         (deque? (peek-front dq))
         (deque? (make-deque))))
#t

> (deque? (list 1 2 3))
#f

deque-length

(deque-length dq) -> fixnum

  dq := deque to inspect

Returns the number of elements dq holds.

Similar to retrieving the length of a vector, this operations is O(1), since deques always keep track of their length.

Examples:

> (let (dq (make-deque))
    (for-each (cut push-back! dq <>) '(A B C D E F))
    (deque-length dq))
6

> (deque-length (make-deque))
0

deque-empty?

(deque-empty? dq) -> boolean

  dq := deque to check whether empty

Returns #t if dq has no elements queued, #f otherwise.

Examples:

> (deque-empty? (make-deque))
#t

> (let (dq (make-deque))
    (push-back! dq (make-deque))
    (and (deque-empty? (peek-front dq))
         (deque-empty? dq)))
#f

push-front!

(push-front! dq elem) -> unspecified

  dq   := deque to push onto
  elem := element to push to dq

Enqueues (pushes) elem to the front of the dq. Similar to set!, it's unspecified what push-front! returns afterwards.

Examples:

> (let (dq (make-deque))
    (push-front! dq 30)
    (push-front! dq 20)
    (push-front! dq 10)
    (deque->list dq))
(10 20 30)

push-back!

(push-back! dq elem) -> unspecified

  dq   := deque to push onto
  elem := element to push to dq

push-back! is similar to push-front!, but pushes elem to the back of dq instead of the front.

Examples:

> (let (dq (make-deque))
    (push-back! dq #\a)
    (push-back! dq #\b)
    (push-back! dq #\c)
    (list->string (deque->list dq)))
"abc"

pop-front!

(pop-front! dq [default = absent-obj]) -> any | default | error

  dq      := deque to pop from
  default := optional element returned when dq is empty

Pops the front of dq and returns that value. If dq is empty and a default value is supplied, then default is returned. Otherwise an error is raised.

Examples:

> (let (dq (make-deque))
    (for-each (cut push-back! dq <>) [1 2 3])
    (displayln (pop-front! dq 0))
    (displayln (pop-front! dq 0))
    (displayln (pop-front! dq 0))
    ;; would signal error without default value:
    (displayln (pop-front! dq 0)))
1
2
3
0

pop-back!

(pop-back! dq [default = absent-obj]) -> any | default | error

  dq      := deque to pop from
  default := optional element returned when dq is empty

pop-back! is similar to pop-front!, but pops the back of dq instead and returns that value. If dq is empty and a default value is supplied, then default is returned. Otherwise an error is raised.

Examples:

> (import (group-in :std iter sugar))
> (let (dq (make-deque))
    (for ((x "ABCDEF") (y (in-naturals)))
      (push-front! dq (cons x y)))
    (until (deque-empty? dq)
      (displayln (pop-back! dq))))
(A . 1)
(B . 2)
(C . 3)
(D . 4)
(E . 5)
(F . 6)

peek-front

(peek-front dq [default = absent-obj]) -> any | default | error

  dq      := deque to peek front
  default := optional element returned when dq is empty

Returns the front value of dq without popping it from the deque like pop-front! does. If dq is empty and a default value is supplied, then default is returned. Otherwise an error is raised.

Examples:

> (let (dq (make-deque))
    (push-back! dq 10)
    (push-back! dq 20)
    (push-back! dq 30)
    (peek-front dq))
10

> (import :std/sugar :std/misc/func)
> (let (dq (make-deque))
    (for-each (cut push-front! dq <>)
              (repeat random-integer 10 10))
    (displayln (deque->list dq))
    (while (odd? (peek-front dq 0))
      (pop-front! dq))
    (deque->list dq))
(3 5 5 1 0 4 5 8 6 1)
(0 4 5 8 6 1)

peek-back

(peek-back dq [default = absent-obj]) -> any | default | error

  dq      := deque to peek back
  default := optional element returned when dq is empty

Returns the back value of dq without popping it from the deque like pop-back! does. If dq is empty and a default value is supplied, then default is returned. Otherwise an error is raised.

Examples:

> (let (dq (make-deque))
    (push-back! dq 'A)
    (push-back! dq 'B)
    (push-back! dq 'C)
    (displayln (peek-back dq))
    (pop-front! dq)
    (displayln (peek-back dq))
    (pop-back! dq)
    (displayln (peek-back dq)))
C
C
B

> (def dq (make-deque))
> (push-back! dq "xyz")
#<deque #15>    ; unspecified, don't depend on this
> (peek-back dq 'EMPTY)
"xyz"
> (pop-front! dq)
"xyz"
> (peek-back dq 'EMPTY)
EMPTY
> (peek-back dq)
error

deque->list

(deque->list dq) -> list

  dq := deque to transform into list

Returns a new list of the elements queued in dq, in order.

Examples:

> (let (dq (make-deque))
    (push-back! dq #\a)
    (push-back! dq 100)
    (push-back! dq "other")
    (deque->list dq))
(#\a 100 "other")

> (import :std/srfi/1)
> (let (dq (make-deque))
    (for-each (cut push-front! dq <>) (iota 100))
    (drop (deque->list dq) 90))
(9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0)

deque

(defsyntax deque)

Deque type for user-defined generics and destructuring.

Examples:

> (let (dq (make-deque))
    (push-back! dq "first")
    (push-back! dq "second")
    (push-back! dq "third")
    (match dq
      ((deque front back length)
       (displayln "front:  " front)
       (displayln "back:   " back)
       (displayln "length: " length))))
front:  #<node #17>
back:   #<node #18>
length: 3

List utilities

To use the bindings from this module:

(import :std/misc/list)

alist?

(alist? alist) -> boolean

  alist := association list to check

Checks whether alist is a proper association list and returns a truth value (#t or #f). alist needs to be finite, circular lists are not supported.

A proper association list is a list of pairs and may be of the following forms:

((key1 . value1) ...)
((key1 value1) ...)

Examples:

> (alist? '((a . 1) (b . 2) (c . 3)))
#t

> (alist? [["one" #\1] ["two" #\2] ["three" #\3]])
#t

> (alist? '((a . 1) ("two" #\2) (1 2 3 4)))
#t    ; (1 2 3 4) is equivalent to (1 . (2 3 4))

> (alist? '(a 1 b 2 c 3))
#f    ; input is a plist, see plist? function

> (alist? '())
#t    ; edge-case, just like (list? '()) => #t

plist?

(plist? plist) -> boolean

  plist := property list to check

Checks whether plist is a proper property list and returns a truth value (#t or #f). plist needs to be finite, circular lists are not supported.

A proper property list is a list of alternating keys and values of the following form: ((key1 value1 key2 value2 ...))

Examples:

> (plist? '(a 1 b 2 c 3 d 4))
#t

> (plist? ["uno" [1 2 3] "dos" [4 5 6] "tres" [7 8 9]])
#t

> (plist? '((a . 1) (b . 2)))
#t    ; key1 = (a . 1), value1 = (b . 2)

> (plist? '((a . 1) (b . 2) (c . 3)))
#f    ; key2 = (c . 3), but missing value2

> (plist? [])
#t    ; edge-case, just like (list? []) => #t

plist->alist

(plist->alist plist) -> alist | error

  plist := property list to transform

Transforms a property list (k1 v1 k2 v2 ...) into an association list ((k1 . v1) (k2 . v2)...). plist needs to be finite, circular lists are not supported. Furthermore, an error is signaled when plist is a improper property list.

Examples:

> (plist->alist [10 "cat" 11 "dog" 12 "bird"])
((10 . "cat") (11 . "dog") (12 . "bird"))

> (plist->alist ["semicolon" #\; "comma" #\, "dot"])
error    ; key "dot" has no associated property value

> (plist->alist [])
()

alist->plist

(alist->plist alist) -> plist | error

  alist := association list to transform

Transforms an association list ((k1 . v1) (k2 . v2) ...) into a property list (k1 v1 k2 v2 ...). alist needs to be finite, circular lists are not supported. Furthermore, an error is signaled when alist is an improper association list.

Examples:

> (alist->plist [[1 . 10] [2 . 20] [3 . 30]])
(1 10 2 20 3 30)

> (alist->plist [["fire" #\f] ["water" #\w] ["earth" #\e]])
("fire" (#\f) "water" (#\w) "earth" (#\e))

> (alist->plist '((1 2 3) (4 5 6) (7 8 9)))
(1 (2 3) 4 (5 6) 7 (8 9))

> (alist->plist '((a) (b) (c)))
(a () b () c ())

> (alist->plist [])
()

length=?, length<? ... length>=?

(length=?  lst1 lst2) -> boolean
(length<?  lst1 lst2) -> boolean
(length<=? lst1 lst2) -> boolean
(length>?  lst1 lst2) -> boolean
(length>=? lst1 lst2) -> boolean

  lst1, lst2 := lists to compare

Compares the list lengths of both lst1 and lst2, and returns a truth value (#t or #f).

function	less efficient variant
`(length=? x y)`	`(= (length x) (length y))`
`(length<? x y)`	`(< (length x) (length y))`
`(length<=? x y)`	`(<= (length x) (length y))`
`(length>? x y)`	`(> (length x) (length y))`
`(length>=? x y)`	`(>= (length x) (length y))`

These functions are potentially more efficient because they only need to compare the lists up until the point where they start to differ from one another. They will short-circuit once they encounter a difference instead of calculating both lengths up-front.

Also, either of these two lists is allowed to be circular, but not both.

Examples:

> (import :std/srfi/1)
> (def small (iota 10))   ; => (0 1 ... 9)
> (def large (iota 100))  ; => (0 1 ... 99)

> (length=? small large)
#f    ; comparison stops as soon as small runs out of elements

> (length<? large (circular-list 1 2 3))
#t    ; circular list never runs out of elements

> (length>=? (circular-list 0 1) [])
#t

length=n?, length<n? ... length>=n?

(length=n?  lst n) -> boolean | error
(length<n?  lst n) -> boolean | error
(length<=n? lst n) -> boolean | error
(length>n?  lst n) -> boolean | error
(length>=n? lst n) -> boolean | error

  lst := list to compare
  n   := number

Checks how the length of lst compares to n and returns a truth value result (#t or #f). Signals an error when n isn't a valid number.

function	less efficient variant
`(length=n? x n)`	`(= (length x) n)`
`(length<n? x n)`	`(< (length x) n)`
`(length<=n? x n)`	`(<= (length x) n)`
`(length>n? x n)`	`(> (length x) n)`
`(length>=n? x n)`	`(>= (length x) n)`

These functions are potentially more efficient because they only need to check the list for up to n elements instead of calculating lst's length up-front.

Also, lst is allowed to be circular.

Examples:

> (length=n? [#\a #\b #\c] 3)
#t

> (import :std/srfi/1)
> (length>=n? (circular-list 0 1) 5)
#t

> (length<n? (circular-list 1 2 3) 10000)
#f    ; circular list never runs out of elements

call-with-list-builder

(call-with-list-builder proc) -> list

  proc := procedure that takes two proc identifiers as input

Takes a procedure or lambda proc which itself takes two procedures that can have any name but are called put! and peek here:

put! will append its input element onto an internal list (and thus modifies it) on each invocation.
peek retrieves the elements collected so far, or [] if put! is never called.

Finally, call-with-list-builder returns the constructed list.

Examples:

> (import :std/iter)
> (call-with-list-builder
    (lambda (put! peek)
      (for (x (in-range 5 5))
        (displayln (peek))
        (put! (random-integer (1+ x))))))
()           ; no prior put!
(5)
(5 6)
(5 6 2)
(5 6 2 8)    ; fifth explicit peek call
(5 6 2 8 6)  ; peek is called implicitly at the end

with-list-builder

(with-list-builder (put! [peek]) body ...) -> list

  put! := function identifier that modifies internal list
  peek := optional function identifier that retrieves internal list

Syntax sugar for the call-with-list-builder procedure, so put! and peek can be used without wrapping them in a lambda first. with-list-builder returns the internal list at the end.

Examples:

> (import :std/iter)
> (with-list-builder (put!)
    (for (n (in-range 100 1))
      (let ((mod3 (zero? (modulo n 3)))
            (mod5 (zero? (modulo n 5))))
        (put! (cond ((and mod3 mod5) "fizzbuzz")
                    (mod3 "fizz")
                    (mod5 "buzz")
                    (else n))))))
(1 2 "fizz" 4 "buzz" "fizz" ... 97 98 "fizz" "buzz")

snoc

(snoc elem lst) -> list | error

  elem := element to append to lst
  lst  := proper list

snoc is similar to cons, but appends elem at the end of lst instead of putting it at the front.

Different from cons: snoc will signal an error when lst is not a proper list. cons, in contrast, constructs a pair out of these two input values.

Examples:

> (cons 4 [1 2 3])
(4 1 2 3)

> (snoc 4 [1 2 3])
(1 2 3 4)

> (cons 1 2)
(1 . 2)

> (snoc 1 2)
error    ; expects a list as second argument

> (snoc '(a b c) '())
((a b c))

append1

(append1 lst elem) -> list | error

  lst  := proper list
  elem := element to append to lst

append1 is similar to append, but is constructing a proper list whereas the latter returns an improper list when appending a non-list elem to lst. append also joins two or more input lists while append1 simply adds the second list as-is.

Signals an error when lst is not a list.

Examples:

> (append [1 2 3] 4)
(1 2 3 . 4)

> (append1 [1 2 3] 4)
(1 2 3 4)

> (append [1 2 3] [4 5 6])
(1 2 3 4 5 6)

> (append1 [1 2 3] [4 5 6])
(1 2 3 (4 5 6))

> (append1 "raise" "error")
error    ; expects a list as first argument

for-each!

(for-each! lst proc) -> void

  lst  := proper or even improper list
  proc := procedure called for side-effects

for-each! is similar to for-each, but the arguments lst and proc are swapped which allows better nesting. Another slight difference: for-each! even accepts improper lists.

Examples:

> (def exprs [[2 + 0] [2 - 0] [0 * 2] [2 / 0] [0 / 2]])

> (for-each (match <>
              ([x (eq? /) (? zero? y)]
               (displayln "div by zero!"))
              ([x op y]
               (displayln (op x y))))
            exprs)

> (for-each! exprs
    (match <>
      ([x (eq? /) (? zero? y)]
       (displayln "div by zero!"))
      ([x op y]
       (displayln (op x y)))))

;; both print:
2
2
0
div by zero!
0

> (for-each displayln '(1 2 . 3))
error    ; list expected

> (for-each! '(1 2 . 3) displayln)
1
2        ; dotted list ending not included

push!

(push! elem lst) -> unspecified | error

  elem := element to cons onto lst
  lst  := list

Macro that conses elem onto lst and set!s lst accordingly. lst needs to be bound beforehand or it signals an error. It's unspecified what push! returns otherwise.

Examples:

> (def lst [])
> (push! 10 lst)
> (push! 20 lst)
> (push! 30 lst)
> lst
(30 20 10)

> (def pair [#\b . #\a])
> (push! #\c pair)
> pair
(#\c #\b . #\a)

> (push! 1 [2 3])
error    ; uses set! internally, requires valid binding

flatten

(flatten lst) -> list

  lst := proper nested list-of-lists

Removes all layers of nesting from lst, which is expected to be a proper list-of-lists (or tree structure). It will ignore any empty lists it encounters while traversing, not adding them to the returned flattened list.

Examples:

> (flatten [1 [2 3] [[4 5]]])
(1 2 3 4 5)

> (flatten [1 [] [2 [3 [] 4] 5]])
(1 2 3 4 5)  ; ignores empty sublists

> (flatten '((a . 1) (b . 2) (c . 3)))
(a b c)      ; expects proper non-dotted list-of-lists

flatten1

(flatten1 lst) -> list | error

  lst := proper nested list-of-lists

flatten1 is a special variant of flatten which will not flatten the whole nested list-of-lists (or tree structure), but instead removes only a single layer of nesting from lst.

Note: lst is expected to be a list of proper lists, association lists will signal an error.

Examples:

> (flatten1 [1 [2 3] [[4 5]]])
(1 2 3 (4 5))

> (flatten1 [1 [] [2 [3 [] 4] 5]])
(1 2 (3 () 4) 5)

> (import :std/srfi/1)
> (map (cut iota <>) [1 2 3 4]
((0) (0 1) (0 1 2) (0 1 2 3))
> (flatten (map (cut iota <>) [1 2 3 4]))
(0 0 1 0 1 2 0 1 2 3)

> (flatten1 '((a . 1) (b . 2) (c . 3)))
error    ; expects proper non-dotted list-of-lists

rassoc

(rassoc elem alist [pred = eqv?]) -> pair | #f

  elem  := element to search for in alist
  alist := association list
  pred  := comparison predicate, optional

rassoc is similar to assoc, but instead of comparing elem with the first element of each pair in alist the optional predicate pred (which defaults to eqv?) will compare with the pair's second element.

Returns the first pair in alist whose cdr satisfies the predicate pred, or #f otherwise.

Examples:

> (rassoc 2 '((a . 1) (b . 2) (c . 2) (d . 1)))
(b . 2)

> (rassoc "a" '((1 . "a") (2 . "b")))
#f       ; eqv? is used by default

> (rassoc "a" '((1 . "a") (2 . "b")) string=?)
(1 . "a")

> (rassoc '(5 6) '((a 1 2) (b 3 4) (c 5 6)) equal?)
(c 5 6)  ; equivalent to '(c . (5 6))

when-list-or-empty

(when-list-or-empty lst body ...) -> body ... | []

  lst := value or list on which expansion depends

Macro which expands to body expressions only if lst is a non-empty list, otherwise an empty list is returned.

Examples:

> (let (nums [1 2 3])
    (when-list-or-empty nums
      (cdr nums)))
(2 3)

> (when-list-or-empty []
    (cons "never" "expanded"))
()

slice

(slice lst start [limit = #f]) -> list

  lst   := proper list
  start := start index
  limit := number of items to take from lst

Returns a list from lst, starting from the left at start, containing limit elements.

Examples:

> (slice [1 2 3 4] 2)
(3 4)

> (slice [1 2 3 4] 2 1)
(3)

slice-right

(slice-right lst start [limit = #f]) -> list

  lst   := proper list
  start := start index from the right of lst
  limit := number of items to take from lst

Returns a list from lst, starting from the right at start, containing limit elements.

Examples:

> (slice-right [1 2 3 4] 2)
(1 2)

> (slice-right [1 2 3 4] 2 1)
(2)

slice!

(slice! lst start [limit = #f]) -> list

  lst   := proper list
  start := start index
  limit := number of items to take from lst

Returns a sublist by potentially updating the input list lst. Starting from the left at start, containing limit elements.

Examples:

> (def lst [1 2 3 4 5])
> (slice! lst 2 2)
(3 4)

slice-right!

(slice-right! lst start [limit = #f]) -> list

  lst   := proper list
  start := start index from the right of lst
  limit := number of items to take from lst

Returns a sublist by potentially updating the input list lst. Starting from the right at start, containing limit elements.

Examples:

> (def lst [1 2 3 4 5])
> (slice-right! lst 2 2)
(2 3)

butlast

(butlast lst) -> list

  lst   := proper list

butlast returns a copy of the proper list lst, except the last element. When lst is empty, lst is returned as it is.

Examples:

> (butlast [1 2 3])
(1 2)

> (butlast [])
()

split

(split lst proc) -> list

  lst  := proper list
  proc := unary procedure

split the list lst into a list-of-lists using the unary procedure proc.

Examples:

(split '(1 2 "hi" 3 4) string?)
> ((1 2) (3 4))

(split '(1 2 a 3 4) (lambda (x) (equal? x 'a)))
> ((1 2) (3 4))

(split '(1 2 a 3 4) (cut equal? <> 'a))
> ((1 2) (3 4))

(split [] number?)
> ()

LRU caches

To use the bindings from this module:

(import :std/misc/lru)

make-lru-cache

(make-lru-cache cap) -> lru-cache | error

  cap := max capacity of cache, fixnum

Creates a new empty Least Recently Used (LRU) cache, a cache replacement data structure, which tracks element usage and drops seldom used ones when full to make room for new elements. cap is the capacity, i.e., the number of elements the cache can hold before purging older entries. cap needs to be at least 1, otherwise an error is signaled.

Examples:

> (def lru (make-lru-cache 3))
> (lru-cache-put! lru 'a "heavy-load-01")
> (lru-cache-put! lru 'b "heavy-load-02")
> (lru-cache-put! lru 'c "heavy-load-03")
> (lru-cache-put! lru 'd "heavy-load-04")
> (lru-cache-put! lru 'e "heavy-load-05")
> (lru-cache-size lru)
3                  ; cache full, older entries are eviced first:
> (lru-cache->list lru)
((e . "heavy-load-05") (d . "heavy-load-04") (c . "heavy-load-03"))
> (lru-cache-get lru 'c)
"heavy-load-03"    ; cache hit, bring to front:
> (lru-cache->list lru)
((c . "heavy-load-03") (e . "heavy-load-05") (d . "heavy-load-04"))

> (import :std/iter)
> (for ((values key load) lru)
    (displayln "key: " key ", load: " load))
key: c, load: heavy-load-03
key: e, load: heavy-load-05
key: d, load: heavy-load-04

lru-cache?

(lru-cache? lru) -> boolean

  lru := lru-cache to check

Returns #t if lru is an LRU cache, #f otherwise.

Examples:

> (lru-cache? (make-lru-cache 25))
#t

lru-cache-size

(lru-cache-size lru) -> fixnum

  lru := lru-cache to check

Returns the current size (i.e., the number of elements the LRU cache holds, not the capacity) of lru.

Examples:

> (let (lru (make-lru-cache 3))
    (lru-cache-put! lru 1 #x01)
    (lru-cache-put! lru 2 #x02)
    (lru-cache-size lru))
2

> (lru-cache-size (make-lru-cache 1000))
0

lru-cache-capacity

(lru-cache-capacity lru) -> fixnum

  lru := lru-cache to check

Returns the maximum number of elements lru can hold.

Examples:

> (let (lru (make-lru-cache 3))
    (lru-cache-put! lru 1 #x01)
    (lru-cache-put! lru 2 #x02)
    (lru-cache-capacity lru))
3

> (lru-cache-capacity (make-lru-cache 1000))
1000

lru-cache-put!

(lru-cache-put! lru key val) -> void

  lru      := lru-cache
  key, val := key-value association to insert into lru

Puts an association of key to val into lru, in the queue head position to be precise. If the cache is full, then the tail of the LRU queue (i.e., the value least recently used) is dropped from the cache.

Examples:

> (defstruct resource (raw-data))
> (make-lru-cache 3)
#<lru-cache #35>
> (lru-cache-put! #35 1 (make-resource 'HUGE))
> (lru-cache-put! #35 2 (make-resource 'SMALL))
> (lru-cache-put! #35 3 (make-resource 'LARGE))
> (lru-cache->list #35)
((3 . #<resource #36>) (2 . #<resource #37>) (1 . #<resource #38>))
> (lru-cache-put! #35 4 'non-resource)    ; cache is full, evict old element
> (lru-cache->list #35)
((4 . non-resource) (3 . #<resource #36>) (2 . #<resource #37>))
> (resource-raw-data #38)
HUGE

lru-cache-remove!

(lru-cache-remove! lru key) -> void

  lru := lru-cache to remove from
  key := key to look up

Removes the association of key from lru, making room for a new element in the lru cache.

Examples:

> (make-lru-cache 3)
#<lru-cache #39>
> (lru-cache-put! #39 1 "this")
> (lru-cache-put! #39 1 "that")    ; same key, simply updated
> (lru-cache->list #39)
((1 . "that"))
> (lru-cache-remove! #39 1)
> (lru-cache->list #39)
()

lru-cache-ref

(lru-cache-ref lru key [default = absent-obj]) -> any | default | error

  lru     := lru-cache to access
  key     := key to look up
  default := optional element returned when key can't be found

Returns the association of key in lru, and promotes the node to the head of the LRU queue. If there is no association, then default is returned. If the default is omitted, then an error is raised.

Examples:

> (let (lru (make-lru-cache 3))
    (lru-cache-put! lru 'a "file-a")
    (lru-cache-put! lru 'b "file-b")
    (lru-cache-put! lru 'c "file-c")
    (displayln (lru-cache->list lru))
    (displayln (lru-cache-ref lru 'b 'NONE))
    (displayln (lru-cache->list lru))
    (lru-cache-ref lru 'd 'NONE))
((c . file-c) (b . file-b) (a . file-a))
file-b
((b . file-b) (c . file-c) (a . file-a))
NONE

lru-cache-get

(lru-cache-ref lru key) -> any | #f

  lru := lru-cache to access
  key := key to look up

Same as (lru-cache-ref lru key #f).

Examples:

> (lru-cache-get (make-lru-cache 3) 'not-in-here)
#f

lru-cache-flush!

(lru-cache-flush! lru) -> lru-cache

  lru := lru-cache to clear

Removes all elements from lru and returns the empty LRU cache. The capacity remains unchanged.

Examples:

> (let (lru (make-lru-cache 100))
    (lru-cache-put! lru "first"  '1st)
    (lru-cache-put! lru "second" '2nd)
    (lru-cache-put! lru "third"  '3rd)
    (displayln (lru-cache-size lru) " " (lru-cache-capacity lru))
    (displayln (lru-cache-flush! lru))
    (displayln (lru-cache-size lru) " " (lru-cache-capacity lru)))
3 100
#<lru-cache #12>
0 100

lru-cache-for-each

(lru-cache-for-each proc lru) -> void

  proc := procedure to be called for each key-value pair in lru
  lru  := lru-cache

Applies (proc key val) for every key-value association in lru, in Most Recently Used (MRU) order. Isn't returning anything, executed for its side effects.

Examples:

> (make-lru-cache 3)
#<lru-cache #43>
> (for-each (lambda (x) (lru-cache-put! #43 x (* x x))) [1 2 3 4 5])
> (lru-cache-for-each (lambda (k v) (displayln k " " v)) #43)
5 25
4 16
3 9

lru-cache-walk

(lru-cache-walk proc lru) -> void

  proc := procedure to be called for each key-value pair in lru
  lru  := lru cache

Same as (lru-cache-for-each proc lru).

lru-cache-fold

(lru-cache-fold proc init lru) -> any

  proc := procedure to be called for each key-value pair in lru
  init := initial value
  lru  := lru-cache

Folds lru in Most Recently Used (MRU) order.

proc's signature is expected to look like this: (proc key val prev-intermediate) -> next-intermediate). lru-cache-fold returns the last next-intermediate value produced by proc. Furthermore, prev-intermediate will be set to init at the beginning.

Examples:

> (let (lru (make-lru-cache 3))
    (lru-cache-put! lru 'a "creatures")
    (lru-cache-put! lru 'b "fluffy")
    (lru-cache-put! lru 'c "are")
    (lru-cache-fold (lambda (k v i) (string-append i " " v))
                    "gerbils" lru))
"gerbils are fluffy creatures"

lru-cache-foldr

(lru-cache-foldr proc init lru) -> any

  proc := procedure to be called for each key-value pair in lru
  init := initial value
  lru  := lru-cache

Where lru-cache-fold folds in Most Recently Used (MRU) order, lru-cache-foldr folds lru in Least Recently Used (LRU) order.

Examples:

> (let (lru (make-lru-cache 5))
    (lru-cache-put! lru 'a (iota 5))
    (lru-cache-put! lru 'b (iota 4))
    (lru-cache-put! lru 'c (iota 3))
    (lru-cache-fold (lambda (k v i) (cons v i)) [] lru))
((0 1 2 3 4) (0 1 2 3) (0 1 2))

lru-cache->list

(lru-cache->list lru) -> alist

  lru := lru-cache

Returns an alist of key-value associations in lru, in Most Recently Used (MRU) order.

Examples:

> (import :std/srfi/14)
> (make-lru-cache 10)
#<lru-cache #47>
> (for-each (cut lru-cache-put! #47 <> <>) (iota 10) (char-set->list char-set:letter))
> (lru-cache->list #47)
((9 . #\J)
 (8 . #\I)
 (7 . #\H)
 (6 . #\G)
 (5 . #\F)
 (4 . #\E)
 (3 . #\D)
 (2 . #\C)
 (1 . #\B)
 (0 . #\A))

in-lru-cache

(in-lru-cache lru) -> iterator

  lru := lru-cache to iterate over

Creates an iterator over lru, yielding key-value values in Most Recently Used (MRU) order.

Examples:

> (import :std/iter)
> (let (lru (make-lru-cache 3))
    (lru-cache-put! lru 1 #\a)
    (lru-cache-put! lru 2 #\b)
    (lru-cache-put! lru 3 #\c)
    (for ((values k v) (in-lru-cache lru))    ; or short: (for ((values k v) lru) ...)
      (displayln k " -> " v)))
3 -> c
2 -> b
1 -> a

in-lru-cache-keys

(in-lru-cache-keys lru) -> iterator

  lru := lru-cache to iterate over

Creates an iterator over lru, yielding keys in Most Recently Used (MRU) order.

Examples:

> (import :std/iter)
> (let (lru (make-lru-cache 3))
    (lru-cache-put! lru 1 #\a)
    (lru-cache-put! lru 2 #\b)
    (lru-cache-put! lru 3 #\c)
    (for (x (in-lru-cache-keys lru))
      (displayln x)))
3
2
1

in-lru-cache-values

(in-lru-cache-values lru) -> iterator

  lru := lru-cache to iterate over

Creates an iterator over lru, yielding values in Most Recently Used (MRU) order.

Examples:

> (import :std/iter)
> (let (lru (make-lru-cache 3))
    (lru-cache-put! lru 1 #\a)
    (lru-cache-put! lru 2 #\b)
    (lru-cache-put! lru 3 #\c)
    (for (x (in-lru-cache-values lru))
      (displayln x)))
c
b
a

lru-cache

(defsyntax lru-cache)

LRU cache type for user-defined generics and destructuring.

Examples:

;; possible lru-cache iterator implementation:
(defmethod (:iter (lru lru-cache))
  (in-lru-cache lru))

(def (in-lru-cache lru)
  (def (iterate)
    (lru-cache-for-each yield lru))
  (in-coroutine iterate))

Port utilities

To use the bindings from this module:

(import :std/misc/ports)

copy-port

(copy-port in out) -> void | error

  in  := input port to read from
  out := output port to write to

Copy all data from port in to port out. Signals an error when in and out aren't satisfying input-port? and output-port?, respectively.

Examples:

> (def nums (string-join (map number->string [1 2 3 4 5]) "\n" 'suffix))
> (call-with-output-file "~/testing/nums.txt"
    (lambda (out)
      (call-with-input-string nums
        (lambda (in) (copy-port in out)))))

$ cat ~/testing/nums.txt    ; unix-like command-line
1
2
3
4
5

> (copy-port (current-input-port) (current-output-port))
hello,
hello,       ; duplicates what you type at the REPL
everyone!
everyone!    ; quit with Ctrl-D

read-all-as-string

(read-all-as-string in) -> string | error

  in := input port to read from

Reads all the contents of port in, returning a single string including all newline characters. Signals an error when in can't be read.

Examples:

> (import :std/srfi/13)
> (with-input-from-file "~/dev/gerbil/CHANGELOG.md"
    (lambda ()
      (string-take (read-all-as-string (current-input-port)) 80)))
"### 2-9-2019: Gerbil-v0.15.1\n\nPatch release to support Gambit v4.9.3\n\nDetails:\n-"

read-all-as-lines

(read-all-as-lines in [separator: #\newline] [include-separator?: #f]) -> list | error

  in                 := input port to read from
  separator          := character to consider line ending
  include-separator? := truth value, whether to include separator char in results

Reads all the contents of port in as a list of strings. The optional separator related keyword parameters specify what is considered a line ending and whether to include these separator characters in the line strings. Signals an error when in can't be read.

Examples:

> (import :std/srfi/1)
> (take (call-with-input-file "~/dev/gerbil/README.md" read-all-as-lines) 4)
("# Gerbil Scheme"
 ""
 "Gerbil is an opinionated dialect of Scheme designed for Systems Programming,"
 "with a state of the art macro and module system on top of the Gambit runtime.")

> (with-input-from-string "aa:bb:cc:dd::ff"
    (lambda () (read-all-as-lines (current-input-port) separator: #\:)))
("aa" "bb" "cc" "dd" "" "ff")

read-file-string

(read-file-string path) -> string | error

  path := path to file to read contents from

Reads contents of the file at path, returning a single string including all newline characters. Signals an error when path can't be read.

Note: There is another optional settings keyword parameter not shown above, but it's not terribly interesting for this file reading procedure. Check section 17.7.1 Filesystem devices of the Gambit Manual if you want to know more.

Examples:

$ cat ~/testing/nums.txt    ; unix-like command-line
1
2
3
4
5

(map string->number
     (string-split (read-file-string "~/testing/nums.txt") #\newline))
(1 2 3 4 5)

read-file-lines

(read-file-lines path) -> list | error

  path := path to file to read contents from

Reads all lines of the file at path as a list of strings. Signals an error when path can't be read.

Examples:

$ cat ~/testing/nums.txt    ; unix-like command-line
1
2
3
4
5

> (read-file-lines "~/testing/nums.txt")
("1" "2" "3" "4" "5")

;; Advent of code 2018, problem 01a: Sum a file of around 1000 exact integer values.
$ head -n5 ~/dev/aoc18/01/input.txt
+12
-13
+17
+17
-10

> (apply + (map string->number (read-file-lines "~/dev/aoc18/01/input.txt")))
508

Port Destructor

(defmethod {destroy <port>} close-port)

The module also defines a destroy method for ports, so that they can be used in with-destroy forms and other primitives that use the destroy idiom, ensuring that ports will be closed even if an error is signaled somewhere within the body.

Examples:

> (define (for-each-dir-entry dir proc)
    (let ((dir-port (open-directory dir)))
      (let loop ()
        (let ((file (read dir-port)))
          (if (eof-object? file)
              (close-port dir-port)
              (begin
                (proc file)
                (loop)))))))

;; could also be written like this utilizing with-destroy:
> (import :std/sugar)
> (define (for-each-dir-entry dir proc)
    (let ((dir-port (open-directory dir)))
      (with-destroy dir-port
        ;; dir-port will be closed upon exiting this scope
        (let loop ((file (read dir-port)))
          (unless (eof-object? file)
            (proc file)
            (loop (read dir-port)))))))

> (for-each-dir-entry "/home/username" displayln)
dev
downloads
videos
documents
desktop
pictures
music
testing

Priority Queues

To use the bindings from this module:

(import :std/misc/pqueue)

make-pqueue

(make-pqueue prio [cmp = <] [capacity = 15]) -> pqueue

  prio     := function returning priority of elements
  cmp      := optional heap comparison function, min-heap by default
  capacity := optional initial size

Creates a new empty priority queue, a data structure similar to a simple queue, but extended to take the associated priority value of an element into account when pushing, popping and peeking elements.

prio is a function returning the real priority of an element. It is utilized to determine the insert position whenever some element is about to be pushed onto the priority queue.
cmp, a comparison function, is used to order the elements based on their priority, defaulting to <.
capacity is the number of elements the pqueue can hold before it needs to resize itself.

Examples:

For example, let's assume we always want to retrieve the longest string currently within our queue. This could be achieved with string-length as our priority function and ordering these lengths via >:

> (def pq (make-pqueue string-length >))
> (pqueue-push! pq "shortest")
> (pqueue-push! pq "very, very, long")
> (pqueue-push! pq "medium length")
> (pqueue-peek pq)
"very, very, long"
> (pqueue-pop! pq)
"very, very, long"
> (pqueue-peek pq)
"medium length"

pqueue?

(pqueue? pq) -> boolean

  pq := priority queue to check

Returns #t if pq is a priority queue, #f otherwise.

Examples:

> (let (pq (make-pqueue identity))
    (when (pqueue? pq)
      (pqueue-push! pq 1000)
      (pqueue-push! pq 100)
      (pqueue-push! pq 10)
      (pqueue-peek pq)))
10

> (import :std/misc/queue)
> (pqueue? (make-queue))
#f

pqueue-size

(pqueue-size pq) -> fixnum

  pq := priority queue to inspect

Returns the number of elements queued in pq.

This operation is O(1), since priority queues always keep track of their size.

Examples:

> (let (pq (make-pqueue char->integer))
    (string-for-each (cut pqueue-push! pq <>) "ABCDEF")
    (pqueue-size pq))
6

pqueue-empty?

(pqueue-empty? pq) -> boolean

  pq := priority queue to check

Returns #t if pq has no elements queued, #f otherwise.

Examples:

> (pqueue-empty? (make-pqueue identity < 1000))
#t

> (make-pqueue identity)
#<pqueue #21>
> (pqueue-push! #21 1)
> (pqueue-push! #21 3)
> (pqueue-push! #21 5)
> (pqueue-empty? #21)
#f

pqueue-push!

(pqueue-push! pq elem) -> unspecified

  pq   := priority queue to push onto
  elem := element to push to pq

Enqueues elem in pq. The insert position depends on the priority and comparison functions specified in make-pqueue. Similar to set!, it's unspecified what pqueue-push! returns afterwards.

Examples:

> (defstruct city (name population))
> (def cities [(make-city "Salto" 104028)
               (make-city "Санкт-Петербург" 4879566)
               (make-city "Qaqortoq" 3089)
               (make-city "አዲስ ፡ አበባ" 3352000)
               (make-city "Jayapura" 315872)
               (make-city "香港" 7448900)])
> (let (pq (make-pqueue city-population))
    (for-each (cut pqueue-push! pq <>) cities)
    (city-name (pqueue-peek pq)))
"Qaqortoq"

pqueue-pop!

(pqueue-pop! pq [default = absent-obj]) -> any | default | error

  pq      := priority queue to pop from
  default := optional element returned when pq is empty

Pops the next value in pq and returns it. Which element gets popped depends on the priority and comparison function specified in make-pqueue. If pq is empty and a default value is supplied, then default is returned. Otherwise an error is raised.

Examples:

> (import :std/sugar)
> (let (pq (make-pqueue values))
    (for-each (cut pqueue-push! pq <>) [10 1 20 2 30 3])
    (until (pqueue-empty? pq)
      (displayln (pqueue-pop! pq)))
    ;; would signal error without default value:
    (pqueue-pop! pq 100))
1
2
3
10
20
30
100

pqueue-peek

(pqueue-peek pq) -> any | error

  pq := priority queue to peek

Returns the next value in pq without popping it from the priority queue like pqueue-pop! does. An error is raised when pq is empty.

Examples:

> (import :std/srfi/1)
> (def pq (make-pqueue length))
> (pqueue-push! pq (iota (random-integer 10)))
> (pqueue-peek pq)
(0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7)
> (pqueue-push! pq [13 21 34 55])
> (pqueue-peek pq)
(13 21 34 55)

pqueue

(defsyntax pqueue)

Priority queue type for user-defined generics and destructuring.

Examples:

> (let (pq (make-pqueue string-length >))
    (pqueue-push! pq "Mimas")
    (pqueue-push! pq "Enceladus")
    (pqueue-push! pq "Tethys")
    (with ((pqueue internal-heap) pq)
      (with ((vector size . vals) internal-heap)
        (displayln "size: " size "\nvals: " vals))))
size: 3
vals: ((9 . Enceladus) (5 . Mimas) (6 . Tethys) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0)

Process Utilities

To use the bindings from this module:

(import :std/misc/process)

run-process

(run-process cmd
             [coprocess: read-all-as-string]
             [check-status: #t]
             [environment: #f]
             [directory: #f]
             [stdin-redirection: #t]
             [stdout-redirection: #t]
             [stderr-redirection: #f]
             [pseudo-terminal: #f]
             [show-console: #f]) -> any | error

  cmd                := list of strings, [path . arguments]
  coprocess          := procedure interacting with process
  check-status       := procedure or truth value
  environment        := list of strings, ["VAR=VALUE" ...]
  directory          := dir, working directory
  stdin-redirection  := boolean, standard input redirection
  stdout-redirection := boolean, standard output redirection
  stderr-redirection := boolean, standard error redirection
  pseudo-terminal    := boolean, terminal or pipes (UNIX)
  show-console       := boolean, show or hide console (Windows)

Synchronously runs cmd in a subprocess, where cmd is expected to be a list consisting of a path to an executable on the filesystem and its arguments.

The following keyword settings are available:

coprocess: A procedure that specifies how to interact with the process, which it receives as an argument, and what should be returned from run-process. Defaults to reading the whole output as a string via std/misc/ports#read-all-as-string.
check-status: Declares how to handle the exit status of the process upon termination. If a procedure is provided, then it will be called with the process' exit status and a list of process creation arguments. If check-status is #t, the default, then the exit status is checked and an error is raised in case it differs from 0. Lastly, the exit status is simply ignored, when check-status is #f.
environment: Indicates the set of environment variable bindings that the process receives. Each element of the list is a string of the form VAR=VALUE, where VAR is the name of the variable and VALUE is its binding. When environment is #f, which is the default, the process inherits the environment variable bindings of the Scheme program.
directory: Sets the working directory of the process. When it's #f, the default, then the process uses the value of (current-directory).
stdin-redirection: Indicates how the standard input of the process is redirected. The default #t will redirect the standard input from the process-port (i.e. what is written to the process-port will be available on the standard input). #f will leave the standard input as-is, which typically results in input coming from the console.
stdout-redirection: Indicates how the standard output of the process is redirected. The default #t will redirect the standard output to the process-port (i.e. all output to standard output can be read from the process-port). #f will leave the standard output as-is, which typically results in the output going to the console.
stderr-redirection: Indicates how the standard error of the process is redirected. #t will redirect the standard error to the process-port (i.e. all output to standard error can be read from the process-port). The default #f will leave the standard error as-is, which typically results in error messages being output to the console.
pseudo-terminal: Applies to UNIX. It indicates what type of device will be bound to the process’ standard input and standard output. #t will use a pseudo-terminal device (this is a device that behaves like a tty device even though there is no real terminal or user directly involved). The default #f will use a pair of pipes. The difference is important for programs which behave differently when they are used interactively, for example shells.
show-console: Applies to Microsoft Windows. It controls whether the process’ console window will be hidden or visible. The default value of this setting is #f (i.e. hide the console window).

More information can be found in section 17.7.2 Process devices of the Gambit manual.

Examples:

> (run-process ["date" "--utc"] coprocess: read-line)
"Tue 21 May 2019 12:22:20 PM UTC"

> (run-process ["/usr/bin/ls"])
"desktop\ndev\ndocuments\ndownloads\nmusic\nnotes\npictures\nvideos\n"

> (import :std/misc/ports)
> (run-process ["ls" "-l"] coprocess: read-all-as-lines)
("drwxr-xr-x.  2 user user  4096 Mar 26 13:26 desktop"
 "drwxr-xr-x.  8 user user  4096 May 13 14:28 dev"
 "drwxr-xr-x. 12 user user 12288 May 19 17:26 documents"
 "drwxr-xr-x.  2 user user  4096 May 20 10:13 downloads"
 "drwxrwxr-x.  8 user user  4096 May  1 15:13 music"
 "drwxr-xr-x.  2 user user  4096 May 21 10:53 notes"
 "drwxr-xr-x.  9 user user  4096 Apr 30 19:08 pictures"
 "drwxrwxr-x.  3 user user 12288 May 21 09:41 videos")


> (def (word-count path)
    (run-process ["wc" path]
                 coprocess: (lambda (process)
                              (with ([l w c] (filter number? (read-all process)))
                                (displayln "lines: " l "\nwords: " w "\nchars: " c)))))
> (word-count "/home/user/dev/scheme/nums.txt")
lines: 5
words: 5
chars: 10

run-process/batch

(run-process/batch cmd) -> void

  cmd := list of strings, [path . arguments]

Runs a batch process with stdin closed, and both stdout and stderr on the current console. Same as (run-process cmd coprocess: close-output-port stdout-redirection: #f).

Examples:

> (def files ["file1.txt" "file2.txt" "file3.txt"])
> (for-each (lambda (file) (run-process/batch ["touch" file])) files)
> (run-process/batch (append ["zip" "big.zip"] files))
adding: file1.txt (stored 0%)
adding: file2.txt (stored 0%)
adding: file3.txt (stored 0%)

Simple Queues

To use the bindings from this module:

(import :std/misc/queue)

make-queue

(make-queue) -> queue

Creates a new empty queue, a First-In-First-Out (FIFO) data structure similar to a list. Compared to an ordinary lists, queues allow appending elements without having to walk all to the end first.

Examples:

> (import :std/test)
> (let (q (make-queue))
    (check (queue-empty? q) => #t)
    (enqueue! q 1)
    (enqueue! q 2)
    (enqueue! q 3)
    (check (queue-length q) => 3)
    (queue->list q))
... check (queue-empty? q) is equal? to #t
... check (queue-length q) is equal? to 3
(1 2 3)

queue?

(queue? q) -> boolean

  q := queue to check

Returns #t if q is a queue, #f otherwise.

Examples:

> (let (q (make-queue))
    (enqueue! q (make-queue))
    (and (queue? q)
         (queue? (queue-peek q))
         (queue? (make-queue))))
#t

> (queue? (list 1 2 3))
#f

queue-length

(queue-length q) -> fixnum

  q := queue to check

Returns the number of elements enqueued in q.

Similar to retrieving the length of a vector, this operation is O(1), since queues always keep track of their length.

Examples:

> (let (q (make-queue))
    (enqueue! q #\a)
    (enqueue! q #\b)
    (enqueue! q #\c)
    (queue-length q))
3

> (queue-length (make-queue))
0

queue-empty?

(queue-empty? q) -> boolean

  q := queue to check

Returns #t if q has no elements enqueued, #f otherwise.

Examples:

> (queue-empty? (make-queue))
#t

> (let (q (make-queue))
    (enqueue! q (make-queue))
    (and (queue-empty? (queue-peek q))
         (queue-empty? q)))
#f

non-empty-queue?

(non-empty-queue? q) -> boolean

  q := queue to check

Returns #t if q is not empty, i.e., it has at least one element enqueued.

Equivalent to (not (queue-empty? q)).

Examples:

> (non-empty-queue? (make-queue))
#f

> (let (q (make-queue))
    (enqueue! q [])
    (non-empty-queue? q))
#t

enqueue!

(enqueue! q elem) -> unspecified

  q    := queue to push onto
  elem := element to append to q

Enqueues (pushes) elem to the end of q. Similar to set!, it's unspecified what enqueue! returns afterwards.

This operation is faster than simply appending to the end of a regular list, because queues needn't be walked first.

Examples:

> (let (q (make-queue))
    (enqueue! q 10)
    (enqueue! q 20)
    (enqueue! q 30)
    (queue->list q))
(10 20 30)

> (import :std/srfi/1 :std/test)
> (let ((q (make-queue))
        (lst (iota 10)))
    (for-each (cut enqueue! q <>) lst)
    (check-equal? (queue-length q) (length lst))
    (check-equal? (queue->list q) lst))
... check (queue-length q) is equal? to 10
... check (queue->list q) is equal? to (0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9)

enqueue-front!

(enqueue-front! q elem) -> unspecified

  q    := queue to push onto
  elem := element to enqueue to q

enqueue-front! is similar to enqueue!, but pushes elem to the front of q instead of the end. It's unspecified what will be returned.

Examples:

> (let (q (make-queue))
    (enqueue-front! q 10)
    (enqueue-front! q 20)
    (enqueue-front! q 30)
    (queue->list q))
(30 20 10)

dequeue!

(dequeue! q [default = absent-obj]) -> any | default | error

  q       := queue to pop from
  default := optional element returned when q is empty

Pops the front of q and returns that value. If q is empty and a default value is supplied, then default is returned. Otherwise an error is raised.

Examples:

> (let (q (make-queue))
    (for-each (cut enqueue! q <>) [1 2 3])
    (displayln (dequeue! q))
    (displayln (dequeue! q))
    (displayln (queue->list q))
    (displayln (dequeue! q 100))
    ;; would signal error without default value:
    (displayln (dequeue! q 100)))
1
2
(3)
3
100

queue-peek

(queue-peek q [default = absent-obj]) -> any | default | error

  q       := queue to peek front
  default := optional element returned when q is empty

Returns the front value of q without popping it from the queue like dequeue! does. If q is empty and a default value is supplied, then default is returned. Otherwise an error is raised.

Examples:

> (def q (make-queue))
> (enqueue! q #\a)
#<queue #8>
> (enqueue! q #\b)
#<queue #8>
> (queue-peek q)
#\a
> (dequeue! q)
#\a
> (queue-peek q)
#\b
> (dequeue! q)
#\b
> (queue-peek q 10)
10
> (queue-peek q)
error

queue->list

(queue->list q) -> list

  q := queue to transform into list

Returns a new list of the elements queued in q, in order.

Examples:

> (import :std/srfi/1)
> (let (q (make-queue))
    (for-each (cut enqueue! q <>) (iota 100))
    (take (queue->list q) 5))
(0 1 2 3 4)

queue

(defsyntax queue)

Queue type, for user-defined generics and destructuring.

Examples:

> (let (q (make-queue))
    (enqueue! q 1)
    (enqueue! q 'b)
    (enqueue! q #\c)
    (with ((queue elems back length) q)
      (displayln "elements: " elems ", back: " back "\nand holds " length " items")))
elements: (1 b c), back: (c)
and holds 3 items

Red-Black Trees

To use the bindings from this module:

(import :std/misc/rbtree)

make-rbtree

(make-rbtree cmp [root = +empty+]) -> rbtree

  cmp  := comparison procedure
  root := optional tree root element

Creates a new red-black tree, a self-balancing binary search tree variant, similar to an AVL tree. Also usable as an sorted hash-table alternative for small datasets.

The comparison procedure cmp is expected to accept two keys, a and b, and perform a ternary comparison:

If (< a b), then it must return a negative number.
If (= a b), then it must return 0.
If (> a b), then it must return a positive number.

Examples of comparison procedures: -, string-cmp or symbol-cmp. The latter two are defined in this module.

Examples:

> (def rbt1 (make-rbtree -))
> (def rbt2 (list->rbtree string-cmp [["one" . 1] ["two" . 2] ["three" . 3]]))

> (rbtree-put! rbt1 1 "one")
> (rbtree-put! rbt1 2 "two")
> (rbtree-put! rbt1 3 "four")
> (rbtree-put! rbt1 4 "four")
> (rbtree-update! rbt1 3 (lambda (x) (when (string=? x "four") "three")))
> (rbtree-remove! rbt1 4)
> (rbtree->list rbt1)
((1 . "one") (2 . "two") (3 . "three"))
> (rbtree->list rbt2)
(("one" . 1) ("three" . 3) ("two" . 2))

> (import :std/iter)
> (for* ((key (in-rbtree-keys rbt2)) (val (in-rbtree-values rbt1)))
    (unless (string=? key val)
      (displayln key " " val)))
one two
one three
three one
three two
two one
two three

rbtree?

(rbtree? rbt) -> boolean

  rbt := rbtree to check

Returns #t if rbt is an rbtree, #f otherwise.

Examples:

> (rbtree? (make-rbtree string-cmp))
#t

rbtree-empty?

(rbtree-empty? rbt) -> boolean

  rbt := rbtree to check

Returns #t if rbt is empty, #f otherwise.

Examples:

> (rbtree-empty? (make-rbtree -))
#t

> (make-rbtree -)
#<rbtree #62>
> (rbtree-put! #62 0 'NULL)
> (rbtree-empty? #62)
#f

rbtree-put!

(rbtree-put! rbt key val) -> unspecified

  rbt := rbtree to update
  key, val := key-value association to add to rbt

Destructively updates rbt by inserting the key-value association key to val. Similar to set!, it's unspecified what rbtree-put! returns.

Examples:

> (let (rbt (make-rbtree -))
    (rbtree-put! rbt 3 'a)
    (displayln (rbtree->list rbt))
    (rbtree-put! rbt 2 'b)
    (displayln (rbtree->list rbt))
    (rbtree-put! rbt 4 'c)
    (displayln (rbtree->list rbt))
    (rbtree-put! rbt 1 'd)
    (displayln (rbtree->list rbt)))
((3 . a))
((2 . b) (3 . a))
((2 . b) (3 . a) (4 . c))
((1 . d) (2 . b) (3 . a) (4 . c))

rbtree-put

(rbtree-put rbt key val) -> rbtree

  rbt := rbtree to update
  key, val := key-value association to add to rbt

rbtree-put is similar to rbtree-put!, but functionally updates rbt instead, returning a new rbtree without modifying rbt.

Examples:

> (let (rbt (make-rbtree -))
    (displayln (rbtree->list (rbtree-put rbt 1 'a)))
    (displayln "empty? " (rbtree-empty? rbt)))
((1 . a))
empty? #t

rbtree-update!

(rbtree-update! rbt key proc [default = void]) -> unspecified

  rbt     := rbtree to update
  key     := key to look up
  proc    := update procedure, receives previous value
  default := optional default value when key not present

Destructively updates rbt by modifying the value associated with key. Looks up key in rbt and passes the associated value (or default, if key isn't present) to proc, an updating procedure. Similar to set!, it's unspecified what rbtree-update! returns.

Examples:

> (def rbt (make-rbtree string-cmp))
> (rbtree-update! rbt "one" 1+ 0)    ; would signal error without default value
> (rbtree->list rbt)
(("one" . 1))
> (rbtree-put! rbt "two" 2)
> (rbtree-update! rbt "two" 1+)
> (rbtree-update! rbt "one" (cut * 2 <>))
> (rbtree->list rbt)
(("one" . 2) ("two" . 3))

rbtree-update

(rbtree-update rbt key proc [default = void]) -> rbtree

  rbt     := rbtree to update
  key     := key to look up
  proc    := update procedure, receives previous value
  default := optional default value when key not present

rbtree-update is similar to rbtree-update!, but functionally updates rbt instead, returning a new rbtree without modifying rbt.

Examples:

> (def rbt (make-rbtree symbol-cmp))
> (rbtree-put! rbt 'a 16)
> (rbtree->list (rbtree-update rbt 'a sqrt))
((a . 4))
> (rbtree->list rbt)
((a . 16))

rbtree-remove!

(rbtree-remove! rbt key) -> unspecified

  rbt := rbtree to update
  key := key to look up

Destructively updates rbt by removing the value associated with key. rbt stays unmodified if key isn't present. Similar to set!, it's unspecified what rbtree-update! returns.

Examples:

> (def rbt (make-rbtree symbol-cmp))
> (rbtree-put! rbt 'a 3)
> (rbtree-put! rbt 'b 2)
> (rbtree-put! rbt 'c 1)
> (rbtree-remove! rbt 'b)
> (rbtree-remove! rbt 'd)    ; nothing happens
> (rbtree->list rbt)
((a . 3) (c . 1))

rbtree-remove

(rbtree-remove rbt key) -> rbtree

  rbt := rbtree to update
  key := key to look up

rbtree-remove is similar to rbtree-update!, but functionally updates rbt instead, returning a new rbtree without modifying rbt. If key isn't present, then rbtree-remove simply returns rbt instead of allocating a new identical tree.

Examples:

> (let (rbt (make-rbtree -))
    (rbtree-put! rbt 1 "gambit")
    (rbtree-put! (rbtree-remove rbt 2) 1 "gerbil")    ; rbtree-remove returns rbt
    (displayln (rbtree->list rbt))
    (rbtree->list (rbtree-remove rbt 1)))
((1 . "gerbil"))
()

rbtree-ref

(rbtree-ref rbt key [default = absent-obj]) -> any | default | error

  rbt     := rbtree to search in
  key     := key to look up in rbt
  default := optional default value when key not present

Returns the value associated with key in rbt, or default if no association is present; if the default value is omitted then an error is raised.

Examples:

> (def rbt (make-rbtree -))
> (rbtree-put! rbt 1 'a)
> (rbtree-put! rbt 2 'b)
> (rbtree-put! rbt 3 'c)
> (rbtree->list rbt)
((1 . a) (2 . b) (3 . c))
> (rbtree-ref rbt 2 'NONE)
b
> (rbtree-ref rbt 4 'NONE)    ; would signal error without default value
NONE

rbtree-get

(rbtree-get rbt key) -> any | #f

  rbt := rbtree to search in
  key := key to loop up in rbt

Same as (rbtree-ref rbt key #f).

Examples:

> (make-rbtree symbol-cmp)
#<rbtree #54>
> (rbtree-put! #54 'C   "single C")
> (rbtree-put! #54 'BB  "double B")
> (rbtree-put! #54 'AAA "triple A")
> (rbtree-get  #54 'BB)
"double B"
> (rbtree-get  #54 'D)
#f

rbtree-copy

(rbtree-copy rbt) -> rbtree

  rbt := rbtree to copy

Returns a copy of rbt.

Examples:

> (rbtree->list (rbtree-copy (make-rbtree string-cmp)))
()

> (def rbt (make-rbtree string-cmp))
> (rbtree-put! rbt "op" sqrt)
> (rbtree-put! (rbtree-copy rbt) "op" +)    ; not overwriting rbt
> (rbtree->list rbt)
("op" . #<procedure #63 sqrt>)

rbtree-for-each

(rbtree-for-each proc rbt) -> void

  proc := procedure to be called for each key-value association in rbt
  rbt  := rbtree to iterate over

Evaluates (proc key val) for every key-value association in rbt, in ascending order. Isn't returning anything, executed for its side effects.

Examples:

> (import :std/iter)
> (make-rbtree -)
#<rbtree #66>
> (for ((key [1 2 3 4 5]) (val ["I" "II" "III" "IV" "V"]))
    (rbtree-put! #66 key val))
> (rbtree-for-each (cut displayln <> " -> " <>) #66)
1 -> I
2 -> II
3 -> III
4 -> IV
5 -> V

rbtree-for-eachr

(rbtree-for-eachr proc rbt) -> void

  proc := procedure to be called for each key-value association in rbt
  rbt  := rbtree to iterate over

rbtree-for-eachr is similar to rbtree-for-each, but evaluates (proc key val) in descending (reversed) order.

Examples:

> (import :std/iter)
> (make-rbtree -)
#<rbtree #66>
> (for ((key [1 2 3 4 5]) (val ["I" "II" "III" "IV" "V"]))
    (rbtree-put! #66 key val))
> (rbtree-for-eachr (cut displayln <> " -> " <>) #66)
5 -> V
4 -> IV
3 -> III
2 -> II
1 -> I

rbtree-fold

(rbtree-fold proc init rbt) -> any

  proc := procedure to be called for each key-value association in rbt
  init := initial value
  rbt  := rbtree to iterate over

Folds rbt in ascending order.

proc's signature is expected to look like this: (proc key val prev-intermediate) -> next-intermediate). rbtree-fold returns the last next-intermediate value produced by proc. Furthermore, prev-intermediate will be set to init at the beginning.

Examples:

> (let (rbt (make-rbtree -))
    (for-each (cut rbtree-put! rbt <> <>) [1 2 3] ["short" "longest" "medium"])
    (rbtree-fold (lambda (k v i)
                   (cond ((> (string-length v) (string-length i)) v)
                         (else i)))
                 "tiny" rbt))
"longest"

rbtree-foldr

(rbtree-foldr proc init rbt) -> any

  proc := procedure to be called for each key-value association in rbt
  init := initial value
  rbt  := rbtree to iterate over

Where rbtree-fold folds in ascending order, rbtree-foldr folds rbt in descending (reverse) order.

Examples:

> (def rbt (make-rbtree -))
> (rbtree-put! rbt 3 (iota 3))
> (rbtree-put! rbt 4 (iota 4))
> (rbtree-put! rbt 5 (iota 5))
> (rbtree-fold (lambda (k v i) (cons v i)) [] rbt)
((0 1 2 3 4) (0 1 2 3) (0 1 2))
> (rbtree-foldr (lambda (k v i) (cons v i)) [] rbt)
((0 1 2) (0 1 2 3) (0 1 2 3 4))

rbtree->list

(rbtree->list rbt) -> alist

  rbt := rbtree

Returns an alist of key-value associations in rbt, in ascending order.

Examples:

> (list->rbtree - [[3 . "drei"] [1 . "eins"] [2 . "zwei"] [4 . "vier"]])
#<rbtree #71>
> (rbtree->list #71)
((1 . "eins") (2 . "zwei") (3 . "drei") (4 . "vier"))

rbtree->listr

(rbtree->listr rbt) -> alist

  rbt := rbtree

Returns an alist of key-value associations in rbt, in descending (reverse) order.

Examples:

> (list->rbtree - [[3 . "drei"] [1 . "eins"] [2 . "zwei"] [4 . "vier"]])
#<rbtree #71>
> (rbtree->listr #71)
((4 . "vier") (3 . "drei") (2 . "zwei") (1 . "eins"))

list->rbtree

(list->rbtree cmp lst) -> rbtree

  cmp := comparison procedure
  lst := alist of key-value associations

Creates a new rbtree from lst, an associative list. make-rbtree describes how cmp is expected to look like.

Examples:

> (rbtree->list (list->rbtree symbol-cmp '((n . 3) (c . 2) (f . 1))))
((c . 2) (f . 1) (n . 3))

> (rbtree-empty? (rbtree-remove (list->rbtree - [[0 . #\x]]) 0))
#t

in-rbtree

(in-rbtree rbt) -> iterator

  rbt := rbtree to iterate over

Creates an iterator over rbt, yielding key-value values in ascending order.

Examples:

> (import :std/iter)
> (def rbt (list->rbtree - '((1 . a) (2 . b) (3 . c))))

> (for/collect ((values k v) (in-rbtree rbt))
    (cons k v))
((1 . a) (2 . b) (3 . c))    ; equivalent to (rbtree->list rbt)

> (for ((values k v) rbt)    ; generic :iter overload for rbtree
    (displayln k " -> " v))
1 -> a
2 -> b
3 -> c

in-rbtree-keys

(in-rbtree-keys rbt) -> iterator

  rbt := rbtree to iterate over

Creates an iterator over rbt, yielding keys in ascending order.

Examples:

> (import :std/iter)
> (def rbt1 (list->rbtree - [[1 . #\a] [2 . #\b] [3 . #\c] [4 . #\d] [5 . #\e]]))
> (def rbt2 (list->rbtree - [[5 . #\a] [4 . #\b] [3 . #\c] [2 . #\d] [1 . #\e]]))
> (for* ((x (in-rbtree-keys rbt1)) (y (in-rbtree-keys rbt2)))
    (when (> x y)    ; for* is testing all combinations
      (displayln (cons x y))))
(2 . 1)
(3 . 1)
(3 . 2)
(4 . 1)
(4 . 2)
(4 . 3)
(5 . 1)
(5 . 2)
(5 . 3)
(5 . 4)

in-rbtree-values

(in-rbtree-values rbt) -> iterator

  rbt := rbtree to iterate over

Creates an iterator over rbt, yielding values in ascending order.

Examples:

> (import :std/iter)
> (def rbt (list->rbtree symbol-cmp '((a . (1)) (b . (2 3)) (c . (4 5 6)))))

> (for/fold (i []) (lst (in-rbtree-values rbt))
    (append lst i))
(4 5 6 2 3 1)

> (import :std/misc/list)
> (for (lst (in-rbtree-values rbt))
    (when (length>=n? lst 3)
      (displayln lst)))
(4 5 6)

rbtree

(defsyntax rbtree)

Red-black tree (rbtree) type, for user-defined generics and destructuring.

Examples:

;; Possible rbtree iterator implementation:
> (defmethod (:iter (rbt rbtree))
    (in-rbtree rbt))

> (def (in-rbtree rbt)
    (def (iterate)
      (rbtree-for-each yield rbt))
    (in-coroutine iterate))

string-cmp

(string-cmp a b) -> fixnum

  a, b := strings to compare

Comparison function for lexicographic string ordering.

Examples:

> (string-cmp "gambit" "gerbil")
-4

> (string-cmp "aaa" "aaa")
0

> (string-cmp "aac" "aaa")
2

> (string-cmp "aa" "aaaa")
-2

> (string-cmp "aaa" "")
3

> (string-cmp "a" "cb")
-2

symbol-cmp

(symbol-cmp a b) -> fixnum

  a, b := symbols to compare

Comparison function for lexicographic symbol ordering.

Examples:

> (symbol-cmp 'gerbil 'gambit)
4

> (symbol-cmp 'D 'B)
2

> (symbol-cmp 'func (string->symbol "func"))
0

symbol-hash-cmp

(symbol-hash-cmp a b) -> fixnum

  a, b := symbols to compare

Comparison function for symbol ordering based on their hashes; ties are broken by lexicographic ordering.

Examples:

> (symbol-hash-cmp 'gerbil 'gambit)
-173422207

> (displayln (symbol-hash 'a) " vs. " (symbol-hash 'b))
67905836 vs. 118238693
> (symbol-hash-cmp 'a 'b)
-50332857

Sourceable Representation

To use the bindings from this module:

(import :std/misc/repr)

print-representation

(print-representation obj
                      [port = (current-output-port)]
                      [options = (current-representation-options)]) -> void

  obj     := object to print
  port    := optional output port
  options := hash-table, representation options

Prints an evaluable source-code representation of obj to port, which defaults to (current-output-port). That very representation can later be read back into an equivalent object.

The behaviour of print-representation can be specialized for new classes of objects by defining new overloads on the :pr method, see representable.

Note: options aren't doing anything as of now, but are reserved for future use.

Examples:

> (import :std/sugar)
> (def lst (list 1 2 3))
> (def vec (vector 1 2 3))
> (def ht  (hash (a 1) (b 2) (c 3)))
> (def fn  string-append)

> (displayln lst)
(1 2 3)
> (print-representation lst)
[1 2 3]           ; without newline, use prn for that

> (displayln vec)
#(1 2 3)
> (print-representation vec)
(vector 1 2 3)

> (displayln ht)
#<table #631>
> (print-representation ht)
(hash (a 1) (b 2) (c 3))

> (displayln fn)
#<procedure #632 string-append>
> (print-representation fn)
string-append

> (call-with-output-string (cut print-representation vec <>))
"(vector 1 2 3)"
> (repr vec)      ; better use repr, which prints to string by default:
"(vector 1 2 3)"

> (with-output-to-file "hash.rep" (cut print-representation ht))
$ cat hash.rep    ; unix-like command-line
(hash (a 1) (b 2) (c 3))%

> (with-input-from-file "hash.rep"
    (lambda () (print-representation (eval (read)))))
(hash (a 1) (b 2) (c 3))

pr

(defalias pr print-representation)

Short for print-representation.

Examples:

> (pr #(11 22 33))
(vector 11 22 33)                 ; without a newline
> (pr '((1 . x) (2 . y) (3 . z)))
[[1 'x ...] [2 'y ...] [3 'z ...]]
> (defstruct gerbil (name age greeting))
> (pr (make-gerbil "Cinnamon" 6 "Morning, everyone!"))
(begin0 #634 "#<gerbil #634>")    ; unrepresentable by default

prn

(prn obj [port = (current-output-port)]
         [options = (current-representation-options)]) -> void

  obj     := object to print
  port    := optional output port
  options := hash-table, representation options

prn does the same as pr or print-representation, but also follows with a newline.

Note: options aren't doing anything as of now, but are reserved for future use.

Examples:

> (import :std/sugar)
> (prn (hash-eqv (1 "I") (5 "V") (10 "X") (50 "L")))
(hash-eqv (1 "I") (10 "X") (5 "V") (50 "L"))    ; proper newline at the end
> (prn [1 2 [3 4 [5 6 7] 8] 9])
[1 2 [3 4 [5 6 7] 8] 9]

repr

(repr obj [options = (current-representation-options)]) -> string

  obj     := object to print
  options := hash-table, representation options

repr is similar to print-representation, but does not take a port as an argument and instead returns the representation as a string.

Note: options aren't doing anything as of now, but are reserved for future use.

Examples:

> (defstruct node (data next prev))
> (repr (make-node #f #f #f))
"(begin0 #635 \"#<node #635>\")"
> (repr (node-data (make-node #(1 2 3) #f #f)))
"(vector 1 2 3)"

representable

(defclass representable ())
(defmethod {:pr representable} print-unrepresentable-object)

representable is an abstract mixin class that defines a method for :pr. By default, if a class does not provide its own implementation, then print-unrepresentable-object will be called.

Examples:

> (defstruct point (x y))
> (def p (make-point 10 20))
> (displayln p)
#<point #4>
> (prn p)
(begin0 #4 "#<point #4>")    ; print-unrepresentable-object

> (defmethod {:pr point}
    (lambda (self port options)
      (for-each (cut display <> port)
                ["(point " (point-x self) " " (point-y self) ")"])))
> (prn p)
(point 10 20)

> (let ((p1 (make-point 10 20))
        (p2 (eval (with-input-from-string (repr p) read))))
    (and (= (point-x p1) (point-x p2))
         (= (point-y p1) (point-y p2))))
#t

print-unrepresentable-object

(print-unrepresentable-object obj
                              [port = (current-output-port)]
                              [options = (current-representation-options)]) -> void
  obj := object to print
  port := optional output port
  options := hash-table, representation options

print-unrepresentable-object is a helper function to use as a fallback for objects that can't otherwise be displayed. Prints a general-purpose escape of obj, using the #id syntax and appends a string hint as obtained from the write function.

Note: options aren't doing anything as of now, but are reserved for future use.

Examples:

> (import :std/misc/queue)
> (def q (make-queue))
> (enqueue! q 100)
> (prn q)
(begin0 #9 "#<queue #9>")    ; calls print-unrepresentable-object
> (print-unrepresentable-object q)
(begin0 #9 "#<queue #9>")

display-separated

(display-separated lst
                   [port = (current-output-port)]
                   [prefix: ""]
                   [separator: " "]
                   [suffix: ""]
                   [display-element: display]) -> void

  lst             := list of objects to print
  port            := optional output port
  prefix          := string prefix
  separator       := string separator
  suffix          := string suffix
  display-element := function that does the actual printing

display-separated is a helper function that takes lst, a list of objects to print, an optional output port, and as keywords a prefix string (empty by default), a suffix string (empty by default), a separator string (defaulting to a single space " "), and a display-element function (display by default). Displays each element of lst with the given prefix, suffix, separator and display-element function.

Examples:

> (import :std/sugar)
> (def ht (hash (a 1) (b 2) (c 3)))
> (display-separated (hash-values ht) (current-output-port)
                     prefix: "(list\n  "
                     suffix: ")"
                     separator: "\n  ")
(list
  3
  2
  1)

;; this module already supports printing list:
> (prn (hash-values ht))
[3 2 1]

Type Descriptor Utilities.

To use the bindings from this module:

(import :std/misc/rtd)

object-type

(object-type obj) -> type | error

  obj := object instance

Safe variant of runtime#object-type. Returns the class of an object; obj must be an object instance or an error is signaled.

Examples:

> (defstruct point (x y))
> (object-type (make-point 640 480))
#<type #4 point>
> (eq? point::t #4)
#t
> (object-type 12)
error    ; not segfaulting like runtime#object-type

type?

(type? typ) -> boolean

  typ := type object to check

Returns #t if obj is a type object, #f otherwise.

Examples:

> (defstruct point (x y))
> (type? point::t)
#t
> (type? (object-type (make-point -100 100)))
#t
> (type? (make-point 0 0))
#f

type-id

(type-id typ) -> type id | error

  typ := type object to inspect

Returns the id of the type object typ. Will signal an error if typ isn't a type object.

Examples:

> (defstruct a ())
> (defclass  b ())
> (type-id a::t)
#:a::t45
> (type-id b::t)
#:b::t49
> (type-id (object-type (make-b)))
#:b::t49

type-name

(type-name typ) -> type name | error

  typ := type object to inspect

Returns the name of the type object typ. Will signal an error if typ isn't a type object.

Examples:

> (defstruct vec3i (x y z))
> (type-name (object-type (make-vec3i 30 0 15)))
vec3i

type-super

(type-super typ) -> super class | error

  typ := type object to inspect

Returns the super class of the type object typ. Will signal an error if typ isn't a type object.

Examples:

> (defstruct A (x y))
> (defstruct (B A) (z))
> (struct-subtype? A::t B::t)
#t
> (type-super B::t)
#<type #5 A>
> (type-super A::t)
#f

type-descriptor-mixin

(type-descriptor-mixin typ) -> list | error

  typ := type descriptor to inspect

Safe variant of runtime#type-descriptor-mixin. Returns the mixins of the type as a list. typ must be a type descriptor or an error is signaled.

Examples:

> (defclass A (x))
> (defclass (B A) (y))
> (defclass (C A) (z))
> (defclass (D B C) ())
> (type-descriptor-mixin D::t)
(#<type #8 B> #<type #9 C> #<type #10 A>)
> (type-descriptor-mixin B::t)
(#<type #10 A>)
> (type-descriptor-mixin A::t)
()

type-descriptor-fields

(type-descriptor-fields typ) -> fixnum | error

  typ := type descriptor to inspect

Safe variant of runtime#type-descriptor-fields. Returns the number of fields of the type as a fixnum. typ must be a type descriptor or an error is signaled.

Examples:

> (defstruct color (r g b a))
> (type-descriptor-fields color::t)
4

type-descriptor-plist

(type-descriptor-plist typ) -> alist | error

  typ := type descriptor to inspect

Safe variant of runtime#type-descriptor-plist. Returns the type properties of the type as an alist. typ must be a type descriptor or an error is signaled.

Examples:

> (defstruct vec4d (x y z w) final: #t)
> (type-descriptor-plist vec4d::t)
((fields: x y z w) (final: . #t))

type-descriptor-ctor

(type-descriptor-ctor typ) -> symbol | error

  typ := type descriptor to inspect

Safe variant of runtime#type-descriptor-ctor. Returns the constructor ID of the type as a symbol. typ must be a type descriptor or an error is signaled.

Examples:

> (defclass A (x) constructor: :init!)
> (defmethod {:init! A}
    (lambda (self x)
      (set! (A-x self) (* x 2))))
> (type-descriptor-ctor A::t)
:init!

type-descriptor-slots

(type-descriptor-slots typ) -> hash-table | error

  typ := type descriptor to inspect

Safe variant of runtime#type-descriptor-slots. Returns the slots of the type as a hash-table. typ must be a type descriptor or an error is signaled.

Examples:

> (defclass color (r g b a))
> (type-descriptor-slots color::t)
#<table #6>
> (hash->list #6)
((r . 0) (g . 1) (b . 2) (a: . 3) (g: . 1) (b: . 2) (r: . 0) (a . 3))

type-descriptor-methods

(type-descriptor-methods typ) -> hash-table | error

  typ := type descriptor to inspect

Safe variant of runtime#type-descriptor-methods. Returns the methods associated with the type as a hash-table. typ must be a type descriptor or an error is signaled.

Examples:

> (defclass A (x) constructor: :init!)
> (defmethod {:init! A}
    (lambda (self x)
      (set! (A-x self) (* x 2))))
> (type-descriptor-methods A::t)
#<table #11>
> (hash->list #11)
((:init! . #<procedure #12 A:::init!>))

Shared-structure Equality.

To use the bindings from this module:

(import :std/misc/shared)

equal-shared?

(equal-shared? a b) -> boolean

  a, b := structures to check

Checks whether a and b, two potentially recursive, cyclic or otherwise infinite shared structures, e.g. trees or graphs, are equal.

Deprecation note:

Gambit 4.9.3 (released 2019-02-05) added similar support for handling shared structures with equal?, superseding equal-shared?.

Shuffling

To use the bindings from this module:

(import :std/misc/shuffle)

shuffle

(shuffle lst) -> list

  lst := proper list to shuffle

Creates a pseudo-random permutation of the values in lst and returns a new list. lst will not be modified during this.

Implementation detail: lst is converted to a random-access vector first, which is then shuffled via vector-shuffle!, and finally converted back to a proper list.

Examples:

> (def lst [1 2 3 4 5])

> (shuffle lst)
(2 1 3 5 4)

> (shuffle lst)
(3 4 2 1 5)

> lst
(1 2 3 4 5)    ; lst is unaffected by the shuffling

vector-shuffle

(vector-shuffle vec) -> vector

  vec := vector to shuffle

Creates a pseudo-random permutation of the values in vec and returns a new vector. vec will not be modified during this.

Implementation detail: vec is copied first, and it is this very copy that is then shuffled via vector-shuffle!.

Examples:

> (def vec #(1 2 3 4 5))

> (vector-shuffle vec)
#(2 1 5 4 3)

> (vector-shuffle vec)
#(4 2 5 1 3)

> vec
#(1 2 3 4 5)    ; vec is unaffected by the shuffling

vector-shuffle!

(vector-shuffle! vec) -> vector

  vec := vector to shuffle

Creates a pseudo-random permutation of the values in vec, but does so in-place, which means that vec will be modified directly instead of allocating a new vector.

Implementation detail: The shuffling is performed according to Sattolo's algorithm, a Fisher-Yates shuffle variant.

Examples:

> (def vec #(1 2 3 4 5))

> (vector-shuffle! vec)
#(3 4 1 5 2)

> (vector-shuffle! vec)
#(3 1 5 4 2)

> vec
#(3 1 5 4 2)

String utilities

To use the bindings from this module:

(import :std/misc/string)

string-trim-prefix

(string-trim-prefix pfix str) -> string

  pfix := string prefix to trim
  str  := string to search in for pfix

If str starts with the given string prefix pfix, then string-trim-prefix returns the rest of str without pfix. If pfix isn't a valid prefix of str, return the entire string str instead.

Examples:

> (string-trim-prefix "date:" "date:2019-05-01")
"2019-05-01"

> (string-trim-prefix "$" "100")
"100"

> (map (cut string-trim-prefix ":std/misc/" <>)
       [":std/misc/string" ":std/misc/ports" ":std/misc/list"])
("string" "ports" "list")

string-trim-suffix

(string-trim-suffix sfix str) -> string

  sfix := string suffix to trim
  str  := string to search in for sfix

Analog to string-trim-prefix, but returns the beginning of str without the string ending sfix.

Examples:

> (string-trim-suffix ".ss" "strings.ss")
"strings"

> (map (cut string-trim-suffix ".txt" <>)
       ["README.txt" "LICENSE.txt" "CREDITS.txt"])
("README" "LICENSE" "CREDITS")

string-trim-eol

(string-trim-eol str) -> string

  str := string to trim

Trims any single end-of-line marker CR, LF or CRLF at the end of str.

Note: string-trim-eol removes only one end-of-line marker. Use (string-trim-right str (char-set #\return #\newline)) to remove all of them.

Examples:

> (string-trim-eol "foo\r")
"foo"      ; equivalent to (string-trim-suffix +cr+ "foo\r")

> (string-trim-eol "foo\n\n")
"foo\n"    ; only a single end-of-line marker is removed

string-split-prefix

(string-split-prefix pfix str) -> (values string string)

  pfix := string prefix to split after
  str  := string to search in for pfix

Split str based on given string prefix pfix, returning both the string part after the prefix as well as the prefix itself, or both the whole string and "" in case pfix isn't found in str.

string-split-prefix is similar to string-trim-prefix, but also returns the prefix as a second value.

Examples:

> (string-split-prefix "123" "123abcdef")
"abcdef"    ; suffix/rest
"123"       ; prefix

> (string-split-prefix "123" "no-numbers-here")
"no-numbers-here"
""

> (import :std/srfi/13)
> (for-each (lambda (brw)
              (let-values (((name year) (string-split-prefix (string-take brw 4) brw)))
                (displayln "initial release of " name " was " year)))
            ["2002firefox" "2003safari" "2008chrome" "2015edge"])
initial release of firefox was 2002
initial release of safari was 2003
initial release of chrome was 2008
initial release of edge was 2015

string-split-suffix

(string-split-suffix sfix str) -> (values string string)

  sfix := string suffix to split before
  str  := string to search in for sfix

Analog to string-split-prefix, but splits str based on a given string suffix sfix instead.

string-split-suffix is similar to string-trim-suffix, but also returns the suffix as a second value.

Examples:

> (string-split-suffix ".scm" "secret.scm")
"secret"    ; prefix/rest
".scm"      ; suffix

> (string-split-suffix ".scm" "secret.lisp")
"secret.lisp"
""

string-split-eol

(string-split-eol str) -> string

  str := string to split

Analog to string-trim-eol, but splits one single end-of-line marker off of str, which is then also returned as a second value.

Examples:

> (equal? +lf+ (values-ref (string-split-eol "foo\n") 1))
#t

string-subst

(string-subst str old new [count: #f]) -> string | error

  str   := string to perform changes on, won't be modified
  old   := string, what to remove
  new   := string, what to insert instead
  count := number of substitutions, optional keyword param

Substitutes/replaces string old with string new inside of str. str itself will not be modified. The procedure expects count to be a valid number (a fixnum to be precise) or #f, indicating the number of substitutions to perform, otherwise an error is signaled.

count #f: no limit, the default
count > 0: limit replacements
count <= 0: return input

Examples:

> (string-subst "aabbaaaaabb" "aa" "cc")
"ccbbccccabb"    ; single a remains, only replacing pairs

> (string-subst "subst;some;of;these;semicolons" ";" "#" count: 2)
"subst#some#of;these;semicolons"

line ending variables

(define +cr+   "\r")
(define +lf+   "\n")
(define +crlf+ "\r\n")

Global line ending convenience definitions.

Synchronized Data Structures.

To use the bindings from this module:

(import :std/misc/sync)

make-sync-hash

(make-sync-hash ht) -> sync-hash

  ht := regular non-synced hash-table

Wraps ht, a regular hash-table, and returns a synced variant that supports thread-safe table operations by implicitly locking.

Note: It's discouraged to modify the unwrapped, non-thread-safe ht after this point.

Examples:

> (import :gerbil/gambit/threads :std/iter :std/srfi/1)
> (def (increment! sht)
    (for (x (in-range 1000))
      (sync-hash-do sht (cut hash-update! <> x 1+ 0))))

> (def sht (make-sync-hash (make-hash-table-eqv)))
> (def threads (for/collect (n (in-range 16))
                 (spawn-thread (cut increment! sht))))
> (for-each thread-join! threads)
> (sync-hash-do sht
    (lambda (ht)
      (every (cut = 16 <>)
             (hash-values ht))))
#t

sync-hash?

(sync-hash? sht) -> boolean

  sht := sync-hash to check

Returns #t if sht is a sync-hash, #f otherwise.

Synced variant of hash? and hash-table?.

Examples:

> (import :std/sugar)
> (sync-hash? (make-sync-hash (hash)))
#t

> (sync-hash? (make-hash-table))
#f

sync-hash-ref

(sync-hash-ref sht key default) -> any | default

  sht     := sync-hash to check
  key     := key to loop up in sht
  default := non-optional default value when key not present

Returns the value bound to key in sht, defaulting to default if no such value was bound.

Synced variant of hash-ref.

Examples:

> (import :std/sugar)
> (def sht (make-sync-hash (hash (एक 1) (दस 10) (सौ 100))))
> (sync-hash-ref sht 'दस 0)
10
> (sync-hash-ref sht 'सहस्र 0)
0
> (sync-hash-ref sht 10 'NONE)
NONE

sync-hash-get

(sync-hash-get sht key) -> any | #f

  sht := sync-hash to check
  key := key to loop up in sht

Same as (sync-hash-ref sht key #f).

Synced variant of hash-get.

Examples:

> (import :std/sugar)
> (def sht (make-sync-hash (hash (一 1) (十 10) (百 100))))
> (sync-hash-get sht '十)
10
> (sync-hash-get sht '千)
#f
> (sync-hash-get sht 10)
#f

sync-hash-put!

(sync-hash-put! sht key val) -> unspecified

  sht      := sync-hash to modify
  key, val := key-value pair to add to sht

Binds key to val in sht.

Synced variant of hash-put!.

Examples:

> (import :std/sugar)
> (make-sync-hash (hash))
#<sync-hash #77>
> (sync-hash-put! #77 #\a [1 2 3])
> (sync-hash-put! #77 'a  [4 5 6])
> (sync-hash-put! #77 "a" [7 8 9])
> (sync-hash-do #77 (cut hash-values <>))
((1 2 3) (4 5 6) (7 8 9))

sync-hash-remove!

(sync-hash-remove! sht key) -> void

  sht := sync-hash to modify
  key := key to look up in sht

Removes sht's binding for key.

Synced variant of hash-remove!.

Examples:

> (import :std/sugar)
> (let (sht (make-sync-hash (hash (a 10) (b 20) (c 30) (d 40))))
    (sync-hash-remove! sht 'b)
    (sync-hash-remove! sht 'e)    ; nothing happens
    (sync-hash-do sht
      (lambda (ht) (hash-for-each (cut displayln <> " -> " <>) ht))))
a -> 10
d -> 40
c -> 30

sync-hash-key?

(sync-hash-key? sht key) -> boolean

  sht := sync-hash to check
  key := key to look up in sht

Returns #t if sht has a binding for key, #f otherwise.

Synced variant of hash-key?.

Examples:

> (def sht (make-sync-hash (list->hash-table [[1 . #\a] [2 . #\b] [3 . #\c]])))
> (sync-hash-key? sht 1)
#t
> (sync-hash-key? sht 3)
#t
> (sync-hash-key? sht 4)
#f

sync-hash-do

(sync-hash-do sht proc) -> any

  sht  := sync-hash to iterate or modify
  proc := procedure handling internal hash-table

Allows thread-safe access to the unwrapped regular hash-table of sht by passing it to proc within an implicitly locked scope. Returns whatever proc is returning.

Examples:

> (import :std/sugar)
> (def sht (make-sync-hash (hash (A0 160) (B1 177) (C2 194) (D3 211) (E4 228))))
> (sync-hash-do sht
    (lambda (ht)
      (hash-fold (lambda (k v i) (+ v i)) 0 ht)))
970
> (sync-hash-do sht (cut hash-put! <> 'C2 0))
> (sync-hash-get sht 'C2)
0
> (sync-hash-do sht hash->list)
((A0 . 160) (B1 . 177) (D3 . 211) (E4 . 228) (C2 . 0))
> (sync-hash-do sht (lambda (ht) (apply max (hash-values ht))))
228

Text Utilities

To use the bindings from this module:

(import :std/misc/text)

include-text

(include-text path) -> string

  path := path to file to include, string

Macro that expands to file contents of path at compile-time.

Examples:

> (def vert-shader-src (include-text "/home/user/dev/opengl/minimal.vert"))

;; instead of here strings:
> (def vert-shader-src #<<EOF
#version 420 core

void main(void)
{
    gl_Position = gl_Vertex;
}
EOF
)

> vert-shader-src    ; same string in both cases
"#version 420 core\n\nvoid main(void)\n{\n    gl_Position = gl_Vertex;\n}"

Thread utilities

To use the bindings from this module:

(import :std/misc/threads)

primordial-thread-group

(primordial-thread-group) -> thread-group

Similar to current-thread-group, but always returns the primordial (main) thread's group instead.

Examples:

;; same in main thread
> (current-thread-group)
#<thread-group #87 primordial>
> (primordial-thread-group)
#<thread-group #87 primordial>

;; differs in other groups
> (import :gerbil/gambit/threads)
> (def (task)
    (displayln (current-thread-group))
    (displayln (primordial-thread-group)))
> (thread-join! (spawn/group 'new-group task))
#<thread-group #181 new-group>
#<thread-group #87 primordial>

thread-group->thread-list*

(thread-group->thread-list* tg) -> list

  tg := thread-group to transform

Similar to thread-group->thread-list, but also collects the threads in all subgroups of tg. Returns a flat list of threads.

Examples:

> (import :gerbil/gambit/threads)
> (let* ((g1 (make-thread-group 'G1))
         (g2 (make-thread-group 'G2 g1))
         (g3 (make-thread-group 'G3 g2))
         (t1 (make-thread (cut 1) 'T1 g1))
         (t2 (make-thread (cut 2) 'T2 g1))
         (t3 (make-thread (cut 3) 'T3 g2))
         (t4 (make-thread (cut 4) 'T4 g3)))
    (displayln (thread-group->thread-list  g1))
    (displayln (thread-group->thread-list  g2))
    (displayln (thread-group->thread-list  g3))
    (displayln (thread-group->thread-list* g1)))
(#<thread #214 T1> #<thread #215 T2>)
(#<thread #216 T3>)
(#<thread #217 T4>)
(#<thread #217 T4> #<thread #216 T3> #<thread #214 T1> #<thread #215 T2>)

all-threads

(all-threads) -> (list thread ...)

Same as (thread-group->thread-list* (primordial-thread-group)). Walks all thread-groups recursively and collects threads in a flat list.

Examples:

> (all-threads)
(#<thread #205 th1>
 #<thread #202 th5>
 #<thread #203 th4>
 #<thread #204 th3>
 #<thread #201 th2>    ; th2, ..., th5 in subgroups
 #<thread #1 primordial>)

;; non-recursive, only threads in specified top group:
> (import :gerbil/gambit/threads)
> (thread-group->thread-list (current-thread-group))
(#<thread #1 primordial> #<thread #205 th1>)

thread-dead?

(thread-dead? th) -> boolean

  th := thread to check

Returns #t if th is terminated, i.e., no longer able to run, #f otherwise.

Examples:

> (let (th (spawn thread-sleep! 2))
    (displayln (thread-dead? th))
    (thread-join! th)
    (displayln (thread-dead? th)))
#f
#t

> (thread-dead? (current-thread))
#f

thread-group-kill!

(thread-group-kill! tg) -> void | error

  tg := thread-group to kill

Kills all threads and subgroups in tg. In addition, it detaches the thread group from its parent, making it unreachable from the primordial thread-group structure and eligible for garbage collection. Signals an error when tg contains the current thread.

Note: A thread group that has been killed should not be used again to spawn threads in it.

Examples:

> (def (fib n)
    (cond ((< n 2) n)
          (else (+ (fib (- n 1))
                   (fib (- n 2))))))
> (let (g (make-thread-group 'new-group))
    (spawn-thread (cut fib 10) 'fib10 g)
    (spawn-thread (cut fib 30) 'fib30 g)
    (spawn-thread (cut fib 50) 'fib50 g)
    (spawn-thread (cut fib 70) 'fib70 g)
    (thread-sleep! 1)
    (displayln (all-threads))
    (thread-group-kill! g)
    (displayln (all-threads)))
;; thread fib10 already terminated:
(#<thread #231 fib70> #<thread #232 fib50> #<thread #233 fib30> #<thread #1 primordial>)
(#<thread #1 primordial>)

> (thread-group-kill! (current-thread-group))
error

thread-raise!

(thread-raise! th obj) -> void | error

  th  := thread to signal error in
  obj := exception object to raise

Interrupts th, which can be the primordial thread, and raises obj, terminating that very thread if not handled properly.

Examples:

> (import :gerbil/gambit/threads)
> (spawn thread-sleep! 10)
#<thread #238>
> (thread-dead? #238)
#f
> (thread-raise! #238 'failure)    ; #<thread #238> silently terminates
> (thread-dead? #238)
#t

> (thread-raise! (current-thread) 'failure)
*** ERROR IN (console)@1819.1 -- This object was raised: failure

thread-abort!

(thread-abort! th) -> void | error

  th := thread to abort

Same as (thread-raise! th +thread-abort+). +thread-abort+ is an internal exception object that has predefined support for type checking via thread-abort? and a display-exception method overload.

Examples:

> (import :gerbil/gambit/threads :std/sugar)
> (def (task)
    (try
      (let loop ()
        (displayln "working")
        (thread-sleep! 0.2)
        (loop))
      (catch (thread-abort? ex)
        (display-exception ex (current-error-port)))))
> (let (t (spawn task))
    (thread-sleep! 1)
    (thread-abort! t)
    (thread-join! t))
working
working
working
working
working
thread aborted

thread-abort?

(thread-abort? ex) -> boolean

  ex := exception to check

Returns #t if ex is a thread-abort exception type, #f otherwise, essentially checking whether the current thread was interrupted via thread-abort!.

Examples:

> (import :gerbil/gambit/threads :std/sugar)
> (try
    (thread-abort! (current-thread))
    (catch (thread-abort? ex)
      (display-exception ex (current-error-port))))
thread aborted    ; predefined exception message for thread-abort objects

thread-async!

(thread-async! th proc) -> any | void

  th   := thread to interrupt
  proc := thunk, procedure to execute

Interrupts th, which can be the primordial thread, and executes proc. Returns the result of proc, if th is the current thread, void otherwise.

Examples:

> (import :gerbil/gambit/threads)
> (def (task)
    (let loop ((i 0))
      (thread-sleep! 0.25)
      (when (<= i 5)
        (displayln "regular work: " i)
        (loop (1+ i)))))
> (let (th (spawn task))
    (thread-sleep! 1)
    (thread-async! th (cut displayln "async work: " (current-thread)))
    (thread-join! th))
regular work: 0
regular work: 1
regular work: 2
async work: #<thread #60>    ; non-primordial thread
regular work: 3
regular work: 4
regular work: 5

on-all-processors

(on-all-processors proc) -> (list thread ...)

  proc := thunk, procedure to execute on all CPU cores

Executes proc multiple times, once on each available processing unit (CPU core), and returns a list containing the created threads.

Note: Runtime support for multiple OS threads needs to be enabled in Gambit (see the installation instructions), otherwise only a single core is used.

Examples:

;; check processor support:
> (##current-vm-processor-count)
2

> (import :gerbil/gambit/threads)
> (let (threads (on-all-processors (lambda () 'OK)))
    (map thread-join! threads))
(OK OK)

Timeouts

To use the bindings from this module:

(import :std/misc/timeout)

make-timeout

(make-timeout t [def = absent-obj]) -> time object | def | error

  t   := real number in seconds | time object | #f (false value)
  def := default value returned in case t is #f

Creates a time object representing a time point relative to the current time. These time objects are used as timeout input parameters for synchronization primitives in modules such as :gerbil/gambit/threads or :std/misc/channel:

(thread-sleep! timeout)
(thread-join! thread [timeout [timeout-val]])
(mutex-lock! mutex [timeout [thread]])
(mutex-unlock! mutex [condition-variable [timeout]])
(channel-put channel value [time-object])
(channel-get channel [time-object [default]])

make-timeout expects t to be exact or inexact real number in seconds; a time point object satisfying time?, in which case it returns t itself; or #f, which is often the case for gerbil's internal usage of make-timeout, returning the optional default parameter def instead.

Signals an error when t is something other than a real number, a time object or #f.

Examples:

> (import :gerbil/gambit/threads)
> (thread-sleep! (make-timeout 10))
  ; no output, but will take ten seconds to complete

UUIDs

To use the bindings from this module:

(import :std/misc/uuid)

Bindings to generate, recognize, and convert from and to universally unique identifiers (UUID) for identification purposes.

Example UUID: dae92f43-4a98-fde7-f559-c2b4c2665138.

UUID

(UUID uuid) -> uuid | error
(UUID str)  -> uuid | error
(UUID vec)  -> uuid | error
(UUID sym)  -> uuid | error

  uuid := uuid object, will be returned
  str  := string representation to convert from
  vec  := u8vector representation to convert from
  sym  := symbolic representation to convert from

Creates a new uuid object from various input objects. It accepts the following inputs:

an already constructed object, which will then be simply returned,
a string,
an u8vector of 16 elements,
and finally, a symbol that's first converted to a string and processed further.

UUID signals an error when any of these inputs are invalid UUID representations.

Examples:

> (def ustr (uuid->string (random-uuid)))
> (uuid=? (UUID ustr)
          (UUID (string->symbol ustr)))
#t

uuid-length

(def uuid-length 16)

Variable that holds the number of octets that are making up the UUID.

make-uuid

(make-uuid vec str) -> uuid

  vec := uuid object u8vector representation
  str := uuid object string representation

Creates a new uuid object from vec, a u8vector representation, and str, a string-representation. If str is specified as #f, then the string representation will be generated on demand by procedures like uuid->string.

Examples:

;; possible random-uuid implementation:
> (import (only-in :std/crypto/etc random-bytes!))
> (def (random-uuid)
    (let (bytes (make-u8vector uuid-length))
      (random-bytes! bytes)
      (make-uuid bytes #f)))

> (uuid->string (random-uuid))
"e26a747f-2a17-aad1-2cdf-504a25e98d02"

uuid?

(uuid? uuid) -> boolean

  uuid := uuid object to check

Checks whether uuid is an actual uuid object.

Examples:

> (uuid? "337649b0-ec36-6c80-5d06-53f5586e6322")
#f

> (uuid? (string->uuid "337649b0-ec36-6c80-5d06-53f5586e6322"))
#t

uuid=?

(uuid=? u1 u2) -> boolean

  u1, u2 := uuid object to compare

Compares the uuid objects u1 and u2 and checks whether these two are equal. Two uuid objects are equal when their byte representations are equal?.

Examples:

> (uuid=? (string->uuid "98ac7df1-204a-7932-dfdf-f466f9c9acff")
          (string->uuid "a8a695fd-7d0e-bd55-46a8-5a5951500b4b"))
#f

> (def u1 (u8vector->uuid #u8(227 124 73 208 223 79 147 3 57 65 100 56 99 245 171 80)))
> (def u2 (string->uuid "e37c49d0-df4f-9303-3941-643863f5ab50"))
> (uuid=? u1 u2)
#t

uuid-hash

(uuid-hash uuid) -> fixnum

  uuid := uuid object to hash

Returns the hash number of uuid, which is a small exact integer (fixnum). Two uuid objects have the same hash value when their byte representations are equal?.

Examples:

> (uuid-hash (random-uuid))
318443048

> (def u1 (u8vector->uuid #u8(227 124 73 208 223 79 147 3 57 65 100 56 99 245 171 80)))
> (def u2 (string->uuid "e37c49d0-df4f-9303-3941-643863f5ab50"))
> (= (uuid-hash u1) (uuid-hash u2))
#t

uuid->u8vector

(uuid->u8vector uuid) -> u8vector

  uuid := uuid object to convert

Converts uuid to its byte vector representation of length uuid-length.

Examples:

> (uuid->u8vector (random-uuid))
#u8(70 222 137 224 229 154 122 182 255 30 187 147 111 209 17 29)

u8vector->uuid

(u8vector->uuid vec) -> uuid | error

  vec := u8vector to convert

Converts vec, a u8vector representing a UUID, to an actual uuid object. Signals an error when vec's length doesn't match uuid-length, which is predefined to be 16.

Examples:

> (def vec #u8(159 202 105 225 118 206 224 215 234 228 189 63 150 185 213 53))
> (u8vector-length vec)
16

> (uuid->string (u8vector->uuid vec))
"9fca69e1-76ce-e0d7-eae4-bd3f96b9d535"

uuid->string

(uuid->string uuid) -> string

  uuid := uuid object to convert

Converts uuid to its easier to read string representation.

Examples:

> (uuid->string (random-uuid))
"c6bc8cd8-88c9-64fb-bddb-2bed2c663ed7"

> (uuid->string (string->uuid "ce2c3a97-504c-0926-dddd-0d2571b9a683"))
"ce2c3a97-504c-0926-dddd-0d2571b9a683"

string->uuid

(string->uuid str) -> uuid | error

  str := string representing a UUID to convert

Converts str, a hex string representing a UUID, to an actual uuid object. Signals an error when str is malformed.

Examples:

> (string->uuid "39fc54b8-6c00-9ec7-638f-4bb2b83abb0a")
#<uuid #386>

> (uuid->string (string->uuid "ce2c3a97-504c-0926-dddd-0d2571b9a683"))
"ce2c3a97-504c-0926-dddd-0d2571b9a683"

random-uuid

(random-uuid) -> uuid

Generates a new pseudo-random UUID.

Examples:

> (uuid->string (random-uuid))
"eb362448-93bb-f69f-9a90-e5eec79bc0a2"

> (uuid->string (random-uuid))
"78a9cf92-d3c0-eb38-cd16-6a18251ef3f6"

Functional utilities

To use the bindings from this module:

(import :std/misc/func)

Collection of mixed purpose higher-order functions.

always

(always val)            -> lambda
(always proc [arg ...]) -> lambda

  val     := value that should always be returned
  proc    := procedure that should always be called
  arg ... := optional arguments that will be passed to proc

Creates a lambda which returns the same val or calls always the same proc with the same optional args.

Examples:

> (def fn (always 5))
> (list (fn) (fn) (fn)))
(5 5 5)

> (def fn (always (lambda () "hi")))
> (fn)
"hi"

> (def fn (always random-integer 10)
> (list (fn) (fn) (fn))
(4 3 8)

repeat

(repeat val n)            -> list
(repeat proc n [arg ...]) -> list

  val     := value that should be repeated
  proc    := proc that should be called n times
  n       := exact number, repetitions
  arg ... := optional arguments that will be passed to proc

Repeat val or call proc with the optional args n times and return the result as list. n is expected to be an exact number.

Examples:

> (repeat 2 5)
(2 2 2 2 2)

> (repeat (lambda () 10) 3)
(10 10 10)

> (repeat random-integer 3 10)
(8 3 5)

# Miscellaneous

# Buffered channels

# make-channel

# channel?

# channel-put

# channel-try-put

# channel-sync

# channel-get

# channel-try-get

# Channel Iterator

# channel-close

# channel-closed?

# Channel Destructor

# Bytes

# u8vector-swap!

# bytevector-swap!

# u8vector-reverse!

# bytevector-reverse!

# u8vector->bytestring

# bytestring->u8vector

# u8vector->uint

# bytevector->uint

# Asynchronous Completions

# make-completion

# completion?

# completion-ready?

# completion-wait!

# completion-post!

# completion-error!

# with-completion-error

# completion

# Thread Barriers

# make-barrier

# barrier?

# barrier-wait!

# barrier-post!

# barrier-error!

# with-barrier-error

# barrier

# Deques

# make-deque

# deque?

# deque-length

# deque-empty?

# push-front!

# push-back!

# pop-front!

# pop-back!

# peek-front

# peek-back

# deque->list

# deque

# List utilities

# alist?

# plist?

# plist->alist

# alist->plist

# length=?, length<? ... length>=?

# length=n?, length<n? ... length>=n?

# call-with-list-builder

# with-list-builder

# snoc

# append1

# for-each!

# push!

# flatten

# flatten1

# rassoc

# when-list-or-empty

# slice

# slice-right

# slice!

# slice-right!

# butlast

# split

# LRU caches

# make-lru-cache

# lru-cache?

# lru-cache-size

# lru-cache-capacity

Miscellaneous

Buffered channels

make-channel

channel?

channel-put

channel-try-put

channel-sync

channel-get

channel-try-get

Channel Iterator

channel-close

channel-closed?

Channel Destructor

Bytes

u8vector-swap!

bytevector-swap!

u8vector-reverse!

bytevector-reverse!

u8vector->bytestring

bytestring->u8vector

u8vector->uint

bytevector->uint

Asynchronous Completions

make-completion

completion?

completion-ready?

completion-wait!

completion-post!

completion-error!

with-completion-error

completion

Thread Barriers

make-barrier

barrier?

barrier-wait!

barrier-post!

barrier-error!

with-barrier-error

barrier

Deques

make-deque

deque?

deque-length

deque-empty?

push-front!

push-back!

pop-front!

pop-back!

peek-front

peek-back

deque->list

deque

List utilities

alist?

plist?

plist->alist

alist->plist

length=?, length<? ... length>=?

length=n?, length<n? ... length>=n?

call-with-list-builder

with-list-builder

snoc

append1

for-each!

push!

flatten

flatten1

rassoc

when-list-or-empty

slice

slice-right

slice!

slice-right!

butlast

split

LRU caches

make-lru-cache

lru-cache?

lru-cache-size

lru-cache-capacity